From calibration test

Concerning the projected energetics from LNG RPTs, SheU Pipeline measured overpressures from small-size (0.1 m = 30 gallons) spills both in the air and under water. From calibration tests in their spill apparatus. 

Determination of the volumetric flow rate of a pipe flow requires only a measurement of average flow velocity. Both Doppler and cross-correlation flowmeters provide such an averaged flow rate measurement. Designs and performance of the two types of flowmeters are described here. Results from calibration tests conducted at an Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) flow facility and prototype instrument demonstration tests at coal-conversion pilot plants are presented. 

The parameter p has been determined from calibration tests and is usually considered to be 0.016. 

Eibl and others have shown that the Finite Element Method can be used with success to model pressures in silos [20]. To apply this method a constitutive model has to be used. The models of Lade [21] and Kolymbas [22] may be mentioned as examples. Each constitutive model contains parameters, which have to be identified from calibration tests. The most important demand for this calibration test is that the complete state of stress and the complete state of strain can be measured in the equivalent testers. From the mentioned testers this requirement can only be fulfilled by the true biaxial shear tester and by very special triaxial cells [2]. Lade himself and also Eibl used results from triaxial tests for calibration. Feise [5,23] could show the advantages of using the true biaxial shear tester. 

Field Tests. Recently we conducted a field test at a site contaminated with fuel oil. Our measurements were 0.0625 0.0212 mA for the well water and 0.0189 0.0119 mA for distilled water (showing errors of one standard deviation). From calibration curves, these numbers can be reported as equivalent to 50 ppb phenol or 34 ppb xylenes. Nine-month-old laboratory results (EPA method 624 and GC/FID) for this site indicated concentrations of 25 ppb for benzene, toluene, and xylenes combined and 100 ppb for fuel oil. The important result is the significant difference between the distilled-water and well-water measurements. We are very encouraged by these results and are planning future field tests. 

These parameters have significant effect on the final viscosity of gel in the fracture. Correlations to estimate friction pressures in field size tubulars have been developed from laboratory test data. In conjunction with field calibrations, these correlations can aid in accurate prediction of friction pressure of borate-crosslinked fluids. 

All data are used as calibration set. CV or bootstrap is applied to determine the optimum model complexity. Because no test set data are used, the obtained prediction performance (obtained by CV from calibration set) is usually too optimistic. This approach cannot be recommended. 

SEP without any index is mostly used for prediction errors obtained from a test set (for clarity better named SEPtest). SEPCv is calculated from prediction errors obtained in CV, for instance during optimization of the number of components in PLS or PCR. SEPcv is usually smaller (more optimistic) than SEPtest. If Equation 4.6 is applied to predictions of the calibration set, the result is called standard error of calibration (SEC) SEC is usually a too optimistic estimation of the prediction errors for new cases. 

Most controllers are calibrated in minutes (or minutes/repeat, a term that comes from the test of putting into the controller a fixed error and seeing how long it takes the integral action to ramp up the controller output to produce the same change that a proportional controller would make when its gain is 1 the integral repeats the action of the proportional controller). 

Sensitivity of the Analytical Instrumentation. Prior to the chemical analyses for each compound, a series of calibration tests are run to determine the relationship between instrument response and the true analyte level in a sample. The form of the calibration curve and the instrument response variability about this curve determine the analytical sensitivity. Two quantities are calculated from the calibration data ... 

The desorption of Ba and Sr from a W ribbon was recently investigated by Moore and Alhson (54)- The emission current was correlated with the surface coverage by means of data obtained in a series of calibration tests with radioactive Sr, in which the emission was determined as a function of the amount of radioactive Sr deposited on a W filament. The thermionic activity was measured by determining the temperature required for a fixed emission density. Thus, if A in Equation (4), Sec. V, is constant throughout the experiments,... 

At the beginning of your shift you have been assigned to run a calibration test on the company s three gas meters. Each test took you 50 minutes. Just as you are finishing, the captain brings in another meter from the chief s office. When you finish that calibration, you find that you have spent a total of 3 hours on this assignment. How long did it take to calibrate the fourth meter ... 

Since in-house facilities for handling a large volume of samples for routine analysis were not available, the analytical work was contracted out to three commercial laboratories. We will refer to them as Laboratories A, B, and C. The contractors were selected on the basis of qualification tests which were intended to serve also for interlaboratory calibration. The results were reported to NRDL as d.p.m. or equivalent 285U thermal-neutron fissions at detonation time. All of the radiochemical data obtained from the laboratories are reported in Ref. 5. These values were punched on cards and converted by computer to equivalent fissions of the device, based on mass-chain yield values supplied by the weapons laboratories. At the same time, the calibration factors derived from qualification-test analyses were applied. Values of the ratios, 95, were formed. All of the ratios for a given nuclide i were then selected along with the corresponding values of r89t95, and the data points were fitted... 

FIGURE 8.8 Static voltmeter. The meter scale is calibrated at. 5 and 4 inches away from the test surface. 

Data from an early successful calibration test performed at Temple University is summarized in Figure 5. One manufacturer s tube was tested at 200°C and 50 bars pressure with unbuffered solutions of 0.01 N HC1 and 0.001 N NaOH. The heavy dashed line in Figure 5 connects these two 200°C points while the thin dashed lines connect the equivalence values on the... 

All of the experimental equipment was remotely controlled from inside a blockhouse. A bullet-proof window allowed the test equipment to be observed safely. During a test, the blockhouse was manned by several operators who controlled the flow and data systems. Flow data in the form of pressure and temperature readings from calibrated venturi flow systems were recorded automatically. Reactor and burner gas temperatures were measured with specially constructed thermocouples. The test piece was instrumented with a series of pressure transducers throughout its length. 

The amount of oxygen desorbed during TPD as CO and CO2 can be related to the amount of active sites. In order to quantify the evolved CO and CO2, a previous calibration with calcium oxalate was performed [7]. Fig. 2 shows the relationships between the theoretical amount of CO and CO2 produced from calcium oxalate decomposition and the experimental peak area values from the CO and CO2 evolution profiles during the calibration tests. 

Fig. 5. Correlation of strain gauge signals with stress intensity from static calibration tests.

Not very reliable feeding (variations of up to 10-15% from average have been observed during calibration tests). 

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