Calcium salts chloride

Calcium Salts [Chloride, Sodium Bicarbonate Gluconate] [NaHCOs]... 

Calcium Salts [Chloride, Gluconate, Gluceptate] Cholecalciferol... 

The solvent and the presence of salts or sucrose influence the solubility of lactose, as well as the rate of mutarotation. The solubility of lactose increases with increasing concentrations of several calcium salts—chloride, bromide, or nitrate—and exceedingly stable, concen-... 

Tests.— A fluid ounce evaporated in a clean glass capsule should leave scarcely any visible residue, indicating the. absence of solid non-volatile impurities. Should not be affected by sulphuretted hydrogen, ammonium oxalate, silver nitrate, barium chloride, or lime water, proving the absence of lead and other metals precipitable by sulphuretted hydogen, calcium salts, chlorides, sulphates, carbonates, and carbonic acid respectively. 

Place 45 g. (43 ml.) of benzal chloride (Section IV,22), 250 ml. of water and 75 g. of precipitated calcium carbonate (1) in a 500 ml. round-bottomed flask fltted with a reflux condenser, and heat the mixture for 4 hours in an oil bath maintained at 130°. It is advantageous to pass a current of carbon dioxide through the apparatus. Filter off the calcium salts, and distil the filtrate in steam (Fig. II, 40, 1) until no more oil passes over (2). Separate the benzaldehyde from the steam distillate by two extractions with small volumes of ether, distil off most of the ether on a water bath, and transfer the residual benzaldehyde to a wide-mouthed bottle or flask. Add excess of a concentrated solution of sodium bisulphite in portions with stirring or shaking stopper the vessel and shake vigorously until the odour of benzaldehyde can no longer be detected. Filter the paste of the benzaldehyde bisulphite compound at the pump... 

Brine Preparation. Sodium chloride solutions are occasionally available naturally but they are more often obtained by solution mining of salt deposits. Raw, near-saturated brines containing low concentrations of impurities such as magnesium and calcium salts, are purified to prevent scaling of processing equipment and contamination of the product. Some brines also contain significant amounts of sulfates (see Chemicals FROMBRINe). Brine is usually purified by a lime—soda treatment where the magnesium is precipitated with milk of lime (Ca(OH)2) and the calcium precipitated with soda ash. After separation from the precipitated impurities, the brine is sent to the ammonia absorbers. 

Docusate Calcium. Dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate [128-49-4] (calcium salt of l,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)ester butanedioic acid) (11) is a white amorphous soHd having the characteristic odor of octyl alcohol. It is very slightly soluble in water, and very soluble in alcohol, polyethylene glycol 400, and com oil. It may be prepared directly from dioctyl sodium sulfo succinate dissolved in 2-propanol, by reaction with a methan olic solution of calcium chloride. 

The abihty of algiaates to form edible gels by reaction with calcium salts is an important property. Calcium sources are usually calcium carbonate, sulfate, chloride, phosphate, or tartrate (20). The rate of gel formation as well as the quaUty and texture of the resultant gel can be controlled by the solubihty and availabiUty of the calcium source. 

Additional phosphonic acid is derived from by-product streams. In the manufacture of acid chlorides from carboxyUc acids and PCl, phosphonic acid or pyrophosphonic acid is produced, frequentiy with copious quantities of yellow polymeric LOOP. Such mixtures slowly evolve phosphine, particularly on heating, and formerly were a disposal problem. However, purification of this cmde mixture affords commercial phosphonic acid. By-product acid is also derived from the precipitate of calcium salts in the manufacture of phosphinic acid. As a consequence of the treatments of the salt with sulfuric acid, carbonate is Hberated as CO2 and phosphonic acid goes into solution. 

Carboxylic Acid Group. Sorbic acid undergoes the normal acid reactions forming salts, esters, amides, and acid chlorides. Industrially, the most important compound is the potassium salt because of stabiUty and high water solubiUty. Sodium sorbate [7757-81-5] (E,E form [42788-83-0]) is less stable and not commercially available. The calcium salt [7492-55-9] which has limited solubiUty, has use in packaging (qv) materials. 

A fermentation such as that of Pseudomonas dentrificans typicaby requires 3—6 days. A submerged culture is employed with glucose, comsteep Hquor and/or yeast extract, and a cobalt source (nitrate or chloride). Other minerals may be required for optimal growth. pH control at 6—7 is usuaby required and is achieved by ammonium or calcium salts. Under most conditions, adequate 5,6-dimethylben2imida2ole is produced in the fermentation. However, in some circumstances, supplementation maybe required. 

Reactions.— r. Make a strong neutral solution, add calcium chloride solution and boil. The calcium salt is precipitated. 

Boil the tartaric acid and caustic soda solution for three hours in a round flask (I litre), or preferably in a tin bottle furnished with reflu. condenser. The use of a tin vessel obviates certain clitli-cultiesof filtration which the solution of the silica by the action of the alkali on the glass entails. The liquid, after boilinjg, is carefully neutralised with cone, hydrochloric acid (it is acl is-able to remove a little of the solution beforehand in case overshooting the mark) and an excess of calcium chloride solution is added to the hot liquid. The mixture is left overni hl. and the calcium salts filtered off at the pump, washed with water, and well pressed. 

The carbon dioxide content is about 0 0005 to O Ol and the pH is between 7 6 and 8 1. The high chloride content would tend to increase the rate of corrosion, and this usually takes the form of pitting under these conditions. The corrosive influence of the chloride ions is, however, inhibited by the presence of magnesium and calcium ions by virtue of the formation of a protective layer of magnesium and calcium salts (calcareous scale). 

Not all sulphates are as readily reduced as sodium sulphate, for instance, calcium sulphate does not usually lead to sulphide penetration, although the presence of other substances with calcium sulphate may lead to accelerated oxidation for other reasons. The results for laboratory tests on a series of metals and alloys in sodium sulphate -F sodium chloride and calcium sulphate + calcium chloride mixtures are shown in Table 7.12 . In many cases sulphide peneration could be noted with the sodium salts but not with the calcium salts. 

Calcium salt. Calcium gluconate is the preferred salt in PN because it is has a low dissociation in solution with lesser free calcium available at a given time to bind phosphate (as opposed to calcium chloride, which dissociates rapidly in solution). 

Flocculating agents can be simple electrolytes that are capable of reducing the zeta potential of suspended charged particles. Examples include small concentrations (0.01-1%) of monovalent ions (e.g., sodium chloride, potassium chloride) and di- or trivalent ions (e.g., calcium salts, alums, sulfates, citrates or phosphates) [80-83], These salts are often used jointly in the formulations as pH buffers and flocculating agents. Controlled flocculation of suspensions can also be achieved by the addition of polymeric colloids or alteration of the pH of the preparation. 

The results (Figure 7), in this case for succinoglycan, are rather surprising. The transition temperature does not always increase or decrease as a function of the salt concentration, but rather, in some brines, a maximum value is reached after which the transition temperature falls with increasing salinity. This is particularly apparent for the two calcium salts, calcium bromide and chloride, both of which are used extensively in heavy brine drilling fluids. 

Saline soils vary considerably in their salt content, type of salt, structure and ease to be reclaimed. Dominant anions are chlorides, sulfates and carbonates, sometimes nitrates and bicarbonates. Sodium salts occur most frequently, but calcium and magnesium compounds are common as well, while mixtures of various salts and complex minerals are not exceptional. The non-salt solution contains mainly calcium salts (50-80%) magnesium (15-35%), potassium (2-5%) and sodium (1-5%) make up the remaining cations. In saline soils, however, the percentage of Ca2+ is lower, and the values of K+, Mg2+ and Na+ is higher. 

Knowledge of complex permittivities of appropriate electrolyte solutions is useful in assessing interactions of microwave radiation with biological tissues. A full study and analysis of complex permittivities of sodium chloride solutions as a function of concentration, temperature, and microwave frequency (207) has laid the foundations for a similar investigation of calcium salt solutions. 

Electrodes with liquid ion-exchange membranes are typified by a calcium-sensitive electrode (Figure 6.4). The membrane-liquid consists of the calcium form of a di-alkyl phosphoric acid, [(RO)2POO ] 2Ca2+, which is prepared by repeated treatment of the acid with a calcium salt. The internal solution is calcium chloride and the membrane potential, which is determined by the extent of ion-exchange reactions at the interfaces between the membrane and the internal and sample solutions, is given by... 

The use of barium sulphide as a secondary sulphidizer [4] was examined on oxidized lead ores from Sicily (BaS). The results obtained were encouraging. Sulphidization using Na2S can also be improved with the use of ammonium salts (chloride and sulphate). These reagents are used in cases where the ore contains clay minerals and calcium carbonate, which prevents suphidization due to the production of soluble calcium bicarbonate. The ammonium increases the solubility of calcium carbonate and improves sulphidization. 

For non-standardised products tocopherols, tocopherol acetate, ascorbic acid and its sodium and calcium salts, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl stearate, eiythorbic acid and stannous chloride (max. 0.0015% calculated as tin) may be used according to good manufacturing practice. 

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