Gene expression, modulation

Cortistatin was discovered as a result of the effort to characterize cortex-specific gene expression modulated by synaptic activity. It was named after its cortical expression and sequence homology to somatostatin (de Lecea et a ., 1996). The characterization of this peptide is yet another example of the use of reverse genetics to study the molecular components of the sleep machinery. 

Key words Gene expression module. Biclustering, Chemical toxicity. Data mining. Linear time... 

Take one gene expression module. Convert UniGene IDs into EntrezGene IDs via the cross-reference list in gene2unigene file (see Note 5). 

Okada, Y., and Fujibuchi, W. (2007) Mining a Large-scale Microarray Database for Similar Gene Expression Modules to Find Distant Relationships between Down Syndrome and Huntington s Disease. Proceedings of Critical Assessment of Microarray Data Analysis 07, Valencia, Spain. 

IFNs are pleiotropic cellular modulators. Antitumor effects are postulated to result from either a direct effect on functional capacity or antigenic composition of tumor cells, or from an indirect effect on the modulation of immune effector cell populations that interact with tumor cells. IFNs regulate gene expression, modulate expression of proteins on the cell surface, and activate enzymes that modulate cellular growth. On... 

Voltage-activated Ca " channels are activated by membrane depolarization and represent a large family of related channels with a wide tissue distribution. They are found ubiquitously in neurons, muscles, and endocrine cells as well as in many epithelial and endothelial cells. In addition to neurotransmitter release, they mediate a variety of essential functions in the body including muscle contraction, insulin secretion, gene expression, modulation of signal transduction events and in excess can cause cell death. 

Gene Expression Modulation of transcription Transcription factor activation, e.g. NF Kappa B... 

Figure 14.7 Comparison of enzyme activities and gene expression modules between K. pneumoniae and E. coli during 3-HP production.

Mitogen activated protein kinase (MARK) cascades are three kinase modules activated by phosphorylation. The three kinase modules are composed of a MAPK, a MAPKK, and a MAPKKK. There are multiple members of each component of the MAPK cascade that are conserved from yeast to human. Activation of selective MAPK modules by specific stimuli regulates cell functions such as gene expression, adhesion, migration, differ entiation, and apoptosis. 

Another type of NR crosstalk, which has only recently been recognized, is the so-called nongenomic actions of several receptors that induce very rapid cellular effects. Effectively, evidence has accumulated over several decades that steroid receptors may have a role that does not require their transcriptional activation, such as modifying the activity of enzymes and ion channels. While the effects of steroids that are mediated by the modulation of gene expression do occur with a time lag of hours, steroids can induce an increase in several second messengers such as inositol triphosphate, cAMP, Ca2+, and the activation of MARK and PI3 kinase within seconds or minutes. Many mechanistic details of these nongenomic phenomena remain poorly understood. Notably, controversy still exists as to the identity of the receptors that initiate the non-genomic steroid actions. However, it now appears that at least some of the reported effects can be attributed to the same steroid receptors that are known as NRs. 

Danner S, Lohse MJ (1999) Regulation of p-adrenergic receptor responsiveness modulation of receptor gene expression. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 136 183- 223... 

Vitamin B6-coenzyme is involved in a variety of reactions, e.g., in the immune system, gluconeogenesis, erythrocyte fimction, niacin formation, nervous system, lipid metabolism, and in hormone modulation/gene expression [1, 2]. 

Jurivich, D.A., Sistonen, L., Sarge, K.D., Morimoto, R. (1994). Arachidonate is a potent modulator of heat shock gene expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 2280-2284. 

Punyadeera C, Dassen H, Klomp J, Dunselman G, Kamps R, Dijcks F, et al. Oestrogen-modulated gene expression in the human endometrium. Cell Mol Life Sci 2005 62 239-50. 

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