Macrophages resident

One of the initial events in the activation and proliferation of stellate cells is the activation of Kupffer cells, which are macrophages resident in the liver sinusoids... 

The method described here is suitable for primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages, resident or elicited peritoneal macrophages, or any other adherent macrophage or macrophage-like cell line such as J774A. 1 and RAW264.7. 

One of the key cells that orchestrate the inflammatory response is the macrophage. Resident macrophages comprise the majority of the cells inhabiting the alveolar spaces. These cells initiate the inflammatory response to bacterial or toxic insult by releasing mediators that coordinate the influx of neutrophils and monocytes from the blood. Once in the airspaces, the monocytes mature into inflammatory macrophages capable of phagocytosis and bacterial killing in... 

A partial answer to this question, whose therapeutic significance should not be underestimated, came from the discovery of a second cannabinoid receptor restricted in its localization to macrophages resident in the marginal zone of spleen and, possibly, to peripheral mast cells.This receptor, called CB2, has only about... 

Melanocortin peptides have been proposed as potent modulators of many pathologies including inflammatory (asthma, arthritis) and cardiovascular disease. They have been shown to be directed against resident cells within tissue such as macrophages, endothelial cells and also circulating leukocytes (neutrophils and lymphocytes). Therefore harnessing their therapeutic potential could lead to the development of novel therapeutics. 

Microorganisms that escape phagocytosis in a local lesion may now be transported to the regional lymph nodes via the lymphatic vessels. If massive invasion occurs with which the resident macrophages are unable to cope, microorganisms may be transported through the thoracic duct into the bloodstream. The appearance of viable microorganisms in the bloodstream is termed bacteraemia and is indicative of an invasive infection and failure of the primary defences. 

Oxidatively modified LDL up-regulates the surfece expression of VCAM-1 and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in cultured endothelial cells, promoting the interactions between both cell types (Kume et al., 1992). This may play a pivotal role in the development of atherosclerosis by promoting the penetration of circulating monocytes into the suben-dothelial space whilst inhibiting the mobility of resident macrophages. It has been previously demonstrated that ICAM-1, E-selectin, and VCAM-1 are up-regulated in the microvasculature of rheumatoid but not control synovium (Corkill et al., 1991 Koch et al., 1991). The association between ox-LDL and increased expression of adhesion molecules in the inflamed synovium has yet to be studied. 

Arthur, M.J.P., Kowalski-Saunders, P. and Wright, R. (1986a). C. /Mm -elicited hepatic macrophages demonstrate enhanced respiratory burst activity compared with resident Kupffer ceUs in the rat. Gastroenterology 91, 174-181. 

T lymphocytes become activated over the course of 3 to 4 weeks, producing interferon-y (IFN-y) and other cytokines. These stimulate microbicidal macrophages to surround the tuberculous foci and form granulomas to prevent further extension.15 At this point, the infection is largely under control, and bacillary replication falls off dramatically. Any remaining mycobacteria are believed to reside primarily within granulomas or within macrophages that have avoided detection and lysis. Over 1 to... 

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