Cadaver testing

Many products move next to cadaver testing, where the biologically driven uncertainties cause complications. Sometimes it is possible to use animal models first in this phase, which allows for much more consistent conditions. Human cadaver tests require careful notation of the history and condition of the cadavaric materials. Results may be correlated with this data if there are anomalies that require explanation. 

Bir et al." have analyzed the effect of blunt ballistic impact of a baton-type, less-lethal projectile on the thoracic region using human cadavers. She determined human-response corridors and developed biomechanical surrogates, which can be used for testing different new projectiles for their blunt ballistic impact. The human-response force corridor for blunt thoracic impact by a thermoplastic polyurethane-based baton round with 37 mm diameter, weighing 30 g, and traveling... 

Cannayane et al. (2007) conducted a laboratory experiment to test the pathogenic potential of H. indica and S. glaseri on cardamom root grub, Basilepta fulvicorne. After mortality the cadaver of B. fluvicorni exhibited brick red to brown colour when infested with H. indica and also luminescent under ultraviolet, whereas, yellow and flaccid nature was due to S. glaseri infestation. 

Given the overwhelming influence of the physical properties of skin in determining bioavailabilities via the dermal route, assessment of dermal penetration is one area in metabolism and toxicology where in vitro methods can be effectively used to predict in vivo results and to screen chemicals. Apparatus and equipment exist that one can use to maintain sections of skin (obtained from euthanized animals or from human cadavers or surgical discard) for such experiments (Holland et al., 1984). These apparatus are set up to maintain the metabolic integrity of the skin sample between two reservoirs the one on the stratum comeum side, called the application reservoir and the one on the subcutaneous side, called the receptor reservoir. One simply places radiolabeled test material in the application reservoir and collects samples from the receptor fluid at various time points. 

Transcutaneous Raman spectroscopic measurements using spatially offset optical fibers were reported less than a year later [59, 60]. The test systems were chicken tibiae and the humeri of human cadavers. The use of cadaveric and ex vivo specimens allowed validation of the measurements by comparison to exposed bone tissue. In these measurements a depth of 3-4 mm below the skin was reached. In vivo measurements began with a report of the Raman spectrum of a phalange of a human volunteer [61]. The periosteal surface was probably 1-2 mm below the skin and the mineral phosphate Vi was accurately reproduced, although incomplete separation of mineral and matrix spectra introduced errors in other bands. 

Amines are the particular products of putrefaction. None of the AF tested utilized amines (putrescine, ethylenediamine) as the sole source of nitrogen in culture (Table 4.1), although some amines (ethylenediamine, trimethyl-amine) are as effective as urea in the field (Sagara 1975,1992). This would show that AF do not directly utilize amines but utilize them only after decomposition to ammonia. Thus, the word postputrefaction in the term PPF may seem inappropriate from the fungal physiological point of view (Yamanaka 2002), but this word indicates the characteristic feature of cadaver and fecal decomposition. It also describes the major cause for growth of the AF in nature. 

A series of experiments were set up in West Yorkshire, U.K., to test the relationships among the decomposition of buried hair, textiles, metal, and cadavers (pig) under a range of conditions relevant to regional depositional environments (Holland 2000 Wilson et al. 2007). Replicated cadaver and control graves (i.e., graves with experimental materials but without cadavers) were dug and exhumed after 6,12, and 24 months. Three experimental sites were used pasture, moorland, and woodland. These were chosen to complement each other in terms of altitude, soils, and drainage (Wilson 2002). 

DEHP is lipophilic and tends to migrate into adipose deposits. Since it is cleared from these deposits slowly, analysis of fat tissues probably provides the best test for previous exposure to this plasticizer. Analysis of human abdominal adipose tissues from accident victims indicated that DEHP was present in these tissues at a concentration of 0.3-1.0 ppm (Mes et al. 1974). DEHP was also identified in 48% of the adipose tissue specimens from cadavers autopsied in 1982 as part of the Human Adipose Tissue Survey from the National Human Monitoring Program (EPA 1989b). Neither study contained data on DEHP exposure history of the subjects, however, and there is no information regarding correlation of adipose tissue concentrations with DEHP exposure concentration and duration. 

Southwell et al. reported that the coefficient of variation for carrying out an in vitro transdermal diffusion study with human skin within an experiment was 43% and the variability in flux for the same compound tested with different human skin sources was 66% ( ). We report the within-experiment variability to be 24.6% and the between-experiments variability to be 30.6%. The differences in variability between our work and Southwell et al. might be attributable to the skin age and source differences. Southwell et al. used abdominal cadaver skin obtained from individuals 71 + 14 years old. We report the exclusive use of surgically removed breast skin from individuals 37 + 13 years old. 

Fentanyl (F), sufentanil (SF) Eluman cadaver skin Foot, chest, thigh, abdomen Saturated solution of F and SF applied on the skin mounted to diffusion cell Permeability coefficient No difference observed between test sites... 

Various ways of classifying fat, as well as the techniques of the skinfold test and waist-to-hip ratio, were discussed earlier. The following material explains in detail a number of techniques for fat measurement, and illustrates their use via several case studies. A direct measurement of total body fat can only be made by analyzing cadavers (dead people). The amount of fat was correlated with the cadaver s height, width, underwater weight, and skin surface area. These results have resulted in the creation of several techniques for indirectly assessing body fat in... 

Human cadaver skin has also been studied in vitro. Human skin shows a higher threshold of sensitivity than does rat skin. The excised or full-thickness slices are also studied in Fran 2 diffusion chambers to evaluate the diffusion or absorption characteristics of test materials. Changes in the amount of a test material at different times and different depths are... 

In Beltsville, several studies followed in quick succession, each based on the ISL hyperspectral imager with the aim of differentiating wholesome carcasses from cadaver, septicemia and tumor carcasses. In a preliminary study [22], the system was calibrated spectrally and tested on four classes of chicken carcass to determine the best discriminating spectral ranges for this, 650-900nm was selected based on qualitative observations. In a later study [25], a dual-wavelength camera was developed and tested. 

What psychiatrists do conflicts glaringly with such claims. Pathologists examine cadavers, biopsy specimens, and body fluids. Surgeons operate on patients and repair or remove diseased parts of the body. Psychiatrists do not even perform physical examinations they listen and talk to patients, ask psychologists to administer pencil-and-paper tests to them, give patients diagnoses and drugs, and certify them as fit for civil commitment or unfit to stand trial. Their claim that they treat brain diseases is manifestly absurd.22... 

Whereas skin from human cadavers, membranes made out of collagen, cultured corneal fibroblasts [79], and human skin grown in vitro [80] could also be used as substrates in testing the activity of topicals against viruses, they all suffer from a variety of limitations. For example, the viability and barrier integrity of cadaveric skin are compromised [77], layers of cultured cells are too fragile for the... 

FIGURE 52.4 Relative displacement of C4 on C5 for 20° seat back angle tests (solid lines) and 0° seat back angle tests (dotted lines) simulating low-speed rear-end collisions, using a cadaver. (Reproduced from Stapp Car Crash J. 44 171-188. With permission.)... 

The Hybrid III dummy was the first to demonstrate humanlike chest responses typical of the biomechanical data for frontal impacts [Foster et al., 1977]. Rouhana [1989] developed a frangible abdomen, useful in predicting injury for lap-belt submarining. More recent work by Schneider et al. [1992] led to a new prototype frontal dummy. Lateral impact tests of cadavers against a rigid wall and blunt pendulum led to side-impact dummies, such as the Eurosid and Biosid [Mertz, 1993]. Even more recently, a small female-sized side-impact dummy has been developed [Scherer et al., 1998]. 

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