C bioreactor

Substrate [Substrate] (mM) [Enzyme] ml"l) range (°C) Bioreactor configuration (kjmol 1) Inactivation constant, fe, References... 

Eig. 5. Examples of air driven bioreactors (a) bubble column, (b) draught tube, and (c) external loop. 

Loop reactors are particularly suitable as bioreactors to produce, for example, single-cell protein (96). In this process, single yeast or bacteria ceUs feeding on methanol multiply in aqueous culture broths to form high value biomass at 35—40°C, 20 kg/m ceU concentrations, and specific growth rates of... 

Ying, W.C., R.R. Bonk and S.A. Sojka. Treatment of Landfill Leachate in Powered Activated Carbon Enhanced Sequencing Batch Bioreactors. In Proc. of the 18th Mid-Atlantic Ind. Waste Conference, Technomic Publishing Company, Inc., Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1986. 

Stuckey, D.C., Caridis, K.A., Leak, D.J., Design of a novel bioreactor with cell recycle for continuous biotransformation and product extraction, Proc. 3rd Asia Pacific Biochemical Eng. Conf, Singapore, pp.315-317, 1994. 

The bioreactor involves sterile feed (C = 0) and constant volume steady state conditions imply that... 

Bioreactors a) batch stirred tank b) continuous stirred tank c) continuous packed-bed i) downward flow, ii) upward flow and iii) recycle d) continuous fluidised-bed e) continuous ultrafiltration. Redrawn from Katchalski - Katzir E. (1993) Trends in Biotechnology II, 471-477. 

The production-scale fermentation unit, with a projected annual capacity of over50,000 tonnes was fully commissioned in 1980. The bioreactor (Figure 4.8) is 60 m high, with a 7 m base diameter and working volume 1,500 m3. There are two downcomers and cooling bundles at the base. Initial sterilisation is with saturated steam at 140°C followed by displacement with heat sterilised water. Air and ammonia are filter sterilised as a mixture, methanol filter sterilised and other nutrients heat sterilised. Methanol is added through many nozzles, placed two per square metre. For start-up, 20 litres of inoculum is used and the system is operated as a batch culture for about 30 h. After this time the system is operated as a chemostat continuous culture, with methanol limitation, at 37°C and pH 6.7. Run lengths are normally 100 days, with contamination the usual cause of failure. 

Three 1 litre baffled flasks, each containing 100 ml medium, are inoculated with cells from one agar plate suspended in 10 ml saline and incubated at 30°C on a rotary shaker (for optimum supply of oxygen). This provides sufficient biomass to inoculate the bioreactor. 

A 3 litre bioreactor with a working volume of 2 litre is inoculated with the three shaking flasks. The pH is maintained at 5.5 by automatic titration with 5mol l 1 NH4OH and the temperature is held at 37°C. 

Fig. 3.9. Growth simulation of C. ljungdahlii on synthesis gas in batch bioreactor, the experimental data are average...

Batch mixed reactor There are three principal modes of bioreactor operation (a) batch (b) fed batch (c) continuous. 

The inoculate was prepared in 250 ml flasks containing 100 ml of growth medium, which is inoculated with 10 ml of spore suspension. The mixture was shaken at 250 rpm and the temperature was controlled at 26 °C for 48 h. Then, 110 ml of resulting mycelia suspension is used to inoculate a 1000 ml broth in the airlift fermenter. The sterilised media are slowly pumped into the bioreactor at a flow rate of about lOOmlh-1 until 2 1 working volume is fully utilised. Aeration rates of 0.5, 1 and 2vvm (1,2 and 4 1 air/min) are used.6,7 Samples were taken at 24 hour intervals and evaluated for biomass, sugars and antibiotic concentrations. 

A tubular bioreactor design with operational may lead to a CSTR, having sufficient recycle ratio for plug flow that behave like chemostat. The recirculation plug flow reactor is better than a chemostat, with maximum productivity at C, 3 g-m 3. Combination of plug flow with CSTR which behave like chemostat was obtained from the illustration minimised curve with maximum rate at CSf = 3 g-m-3. 

This is a special chemical effectively used for column bioreactors. It is a volatile compound and strong oxidising agent. It boils at ambient temperature, therefore the solution of ethylene oxide (liquid phase) must be stored in a refrigerator (4 °C). An excellent oxidising agent such as a 3% sodium hypochlorite is used for chemical sterilisation of equipment. 

According to Eq. (14) the maximum velocity gradient at the wall is at y = D/2. It amounts to (du/dy) ju=C u/D. The stress derived from this with Eq. (1) has been used in a number of studies (see e.g. [8-11]) as a measure of stress. However, particles are only subjected to this maximum stress if they close to y = 0. As this cannot or can only temporarily be the case during flow through channels, such test results should be regarded with caution and only conditionally suitable for comparison with the results from other model apparatuses, not to mention bioreactors. 

Tramper J, Joustra D, Vlak, JM (1987) Bioreactor design for growth of shear-sensitive insect ceU. In Webb C, Mavitima R (eds) Plant animal ceU ciUtiu es process possibUities. Ellis Horwood, England... 

The microalgae are cultured in bioreactors under solar or artiflcial light in the presence of carbon dioxide and salts. The bioreactors may be closed systems made of polyethylene sleeves rather than open pools. Optimal conditions for pigment production are low to medium light intensity and medium temperatures (20 to 30°C). Pigment extraction is achieved by cell breakage, extraction into water or buffered solution, and centrifugation to separate out the filtrate. The filtrate may then be partly purified and sterilized by microfiltration and spray dried or lyophilized. 

Bioreactors containing an nndefined anaerobic consortinm rednced TNT to 2,4,6-triaminotoluene (TAT) in the presence of glncose (Dann et al. 1998). The sorption of TAT to montmorillonite clay was irreversible, and the snbstrate conld not be released by solvent extraction or by acid or alkaline treatment. Similar resnlts were obtained with humic acids in which covalent reactions with carbonyl or activated C=C bonding presumably occurred. Results from laboratory experiments nsing i C-labeled TNT in reactors to which... 

Koran, K.M., Suidan, M.T., Khodadoust, A.R, Sorial, G.A., and Brenner, R.C. Effectiveness of an anaerobic granular activated carbon fluidized-bed bioreactor to treat soil wash fluids a proposed strategy for remediating PCP/PAH contaminated soils, Water Res., 35, 2363-2370, 2001. 

Borja, R. and Banks, C J., Semicontinuous anaerobic digestion of soft drink wastewater in immobilized cell bioreactors, Biotechnology Letters, 15, 767-772, 1993. 

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