Single yeast

Loop reactors are particularly suitable as bioreactors to produce, for example, single-cell protein (96). In this process, single yeast or bacteria ceUs feeding on methanol multiply in aqueous culture broths to form high value biomass at 35—40°C, 20 kg/m ceU concentrations, and specific growth rates of... 

Mitochondria are present in all eukaryotic cells that use oxygen in respiration, but the number per cell and the form and size vary.1-4 Certain tiny trypanosomes have just one mitochondrion but some oocytes have as many as 3 x 105. Mammalian cells typically contain several hundred mitochondria and liver cells5 more than 1000. Mammalian sperm cells may contain 50-75 mitochondria,6 but in some organisms only one very large helical mitochondrion, formed by the fusion of many individual mitochondria, wraps around the base of the tail. Typical mitochondria appear to be about the size of cells of E. coli. However, study of ultrathin serial sections of a single yeast cell by electron microscopy has shown that, under some growth conditions, all of the mitochondria are interconnected.7... 

For single yeast cell investigations it is not sufficient to characterize a yeast cell by means of a single Raman spectrum equivalently to the bacterial analysis described above. Yeast cells as eukaryotes exhibit in contrast to... 

By calculating an average Raman spectrum from a line scan over the long axis of yeast cells a differentiation of single yeast cells on a species and strain level can be performed [110, 111]. The application of Raman spectroscopy in combination with a supervised classification method allows for the identification of single yeast cells in a large data set [69]. 

With cell retention accomplished by 3D flow control, calcium mobilization in a single yeast cell has been studied over a long period of time, and in the manner of multiple stimuli and multiple responses. Loading of the Ca2+- sensitive dye Fluo-4 in the cell was accomplished either (1) after cell wall removal or (2)... 

Peng, X.Y., Li, P.C.H., A three-dimensional flow control concept for single-cell experiments on a microchip. 2. Fluorescein diacetate metabolism and calcium mobilization in a single yeast cell as stimulated by glucose and pH changes. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 5282-5292. 

Rosch P, Harz M, Schitt M, Popp J (2005) Raman spectroscopic identiflcation of single yeast cells. J Raman Spectrosc 36 377-379... 

The method for random mutagenesis of genes using error-prone polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was adapted from previous reports (34, 35). An error rate of approximately 0.5% should be expected using this protocol. For a single yeast library of random mutants of approximately 105 clones, you should prepare enough reactions to yield 50—80 Llg error-prone amplified insert (between 3 and 8 reactions). 

FIGURE 21.6 Chemical cytometry of a single yeast cell expressing the GFP-Gal4 fusion protein. The autofluorescence signal is similar in amplitude to the signal due to the fluorescent protein without electrophoresis, accurate quantiflcation of fluorescence due to the fusion protein would be difficult. 

In our first report, we measured DNA ploidy, the uptake of a fiuorescent carbohydrate, and that of carbohydrate s biosynthetic and biodegradation products in a single HT29 colon adenocarcinoma cell. We also monitored similar transformations in a single yeast cell. " ... 

J. S. Crane and H. A. Pohl, Use of the Balanced-Cell Technique to Determine the Dielectric Properties of Single Yeast Cells, J. Biol. Phys. 5, 49-74 (1977). 

For instance. Hunt et al. [16] used dielectric forces of the DEP tweezers to hold a single yeast cell at the end of a micromanipulator. In one report, the dielectrophoresis-based microfluidic device was applied to manipulate single T cells and pair them up with the individual anti-CD3/ anti-CD28 presenting microbeads to study cell activation based on the activation marker molecule CD69. 

Chemokine genes within clusters are tightly linked. The chemokine gene cluster on chromosome 17 can be divided into two subregions the MCP subfamily and the MIP subfamily (28). Six chemokine genes in the MCP subfamily are clustered within 440 kb on a single yeast-artificial chromosome (YAC) (32). Within the MIP subfamily, 10... 

Bioluminescence is the process by which a molecule in the excited state emits light, which is then measured (Hartman et al., 1992). This process can be used to measure the amount of ATP produced by microorganisms as part of their metabolism. In theory, measurement of this compound should provide an estimate of viable cell numbers because higher populations of microorganisms produce more ATP. Because a single yeast cell will have generally more ATP than a bacterial cell, the detection limit for yeast could be as low as 10 cells (Hartman et al., 1992). These authors further suggested that a practical limit for bacteria is closer to 1000 to 10,000 cells. 

This transformation usually results in hundreds to thousands of E. coli clones. It is usually only necessary to pick one or two E. coli clones because the DNA was derived from a single yeast clone, and thus, most colonies will contain the same plasmid DNA sequence. 

The alcoholic fermentation of grape must or grapes is essentially carried out by a single yeast species, S. cerevisiae. Therefore, an understanding of the clonal diversity within this species is much more important for the winemaker than investigations on the partially or non-fermentative grape microflora. 

Consider a single yeast cell in water placed between two cylindrical electrodes with the radius vector r in the vertically upward direction. The density of the yeast cell pp is 1.18 g/cm (that for water, p , is 1 g/cm ). If the yeast cell may be considered as a dielectric uncharged particle, and if Brownian motion may be assumed to be... 

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