2- Butene, naming

In some instances, the reader may wonder about the peculiar nature of the component listing. For example, a tobacco smoke component initially reported as 2-butene was later shown to be present in the smoke as c -and trans-2-butene. Thus, three items are listed in the Index for 2-butene, namely, 2-butene (CAS No. 107-10-7), 2-butene, (Z)-(CAS No. 590-18-1), and 2-butene, ( )-(CAS No. 624-64-6). In the... 

CH2CH3 2-ethyl-l-butene (Named this way, even though there is a five-carbon chain present, because that chain does not include both carbons of the double bond.)... 

Compute (LVIMX. Search on bonds. Setup bonds, select all and hit OK. Enter Job Name 1-butene and Run (Jininx. Yon will see the model being kicked" repeatedly, l.eft click outside of the GMMX Hun box. You should see 3 minimized and 3 found. We already know that there are only three con formers, two of which are degenerate hetice, because E un nuirn we know all the... 

The reaction of hydrosilanes with butadiene is different from other reactions. Different products are obtained depending on the structurelof the hydrosilanes and the reaction conditions. Trimethylsiiane and other trialkylsilanes react to give the I 2 adduct, namely the l-trialkylsilyl-2,6-octadiene 74, in high yields[67-69]. Unlike other telomers which have the 2,7-octadienyl chain, the 2,6-octadienyl chain is formed by hydrosilylation. On the other hand, the 1 I adduct 75 (l-trichlorosilyl-2-butene)is formed selectively with trichlorosilane, which is more reactive than trialkylsilanes[69]. The Reaction gives the Z form stereoselectively[70]. A mixture of the I 1 and I 2 adducts (83.5 and 5.2%) is... 

The ending ene is adopted for straight-chain monounsaturated hydrocarbons. Thus, butenes refer to 1-butene and 2-butene. The en.6m. jlene denotes a monounsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of the same number of carbons as expressed by the name ie, butylenes are 1-butene, 2-butene, and isobutylene (methylpropene). The generic names alkenes and olefins refer to monounsaturated hydrocarbons. 

Two complementai y reviews of this subject are by Shah et al. AIChE Journal, 28, 353-379 [1982]) and Deckwer (in de Lasa, ed.. Chemical Reactor Design andTechnology, Martinus Nijhoff, 1985, pp. 411-461). Useful comments are made by Doraiswamy and Sharma (Heterogeneous Reactions, Wiley, 1984). Charpentier (in Gianetto and Silveston, eds.. Multiphase Chemical Reactors, Hemisphere, 1986, pp. 104—151) emphasizes parameters of trickle bed and stirred tank reactors. Recommendations based on the literature are made for several design parameters namely, bubble diameter and velocity of rise, gas holdup, interfacial area, mass-transfer coefficients k a and /cl but not /cg, axial liquid-phase dispersion coefficient, and heat-transfer coefficient to the wall. The effect of vessel diameter on these parameters is insignificant when D > 0.15 m (0.49 ft), except for the dispersion coefficient. Application of these correlations is to (1) chlorination of toluene in the presence of FeCl,3 catalyst, (2) absorption of SO9 in aqueous potassium carbonate with arsenite catalyst, and (3) reaction of butene with sulfuric acid to butanol. 

In 1909, Patemo and Chieffi noted that mixtures of tri- or tetra-substituted olefins and aldehydes formed trimethylene oxides when exposed to sunlight. Biichi later repeated Patemo s experiments by irradiating 2-methyI-2-butene in the presence of benzaldehyde, butyraldehyde, or aeetophenone and rigorously purifying and identifying the resulting products. The reaction thus bears the name of its two primary pioneers and has come to represent any photo-catalyzed [2 + 2] electrocyclization of a carbonyl and an alkene. 

The selective, Ni-catalyzed, biphasic dimerization of 1-butene to linear octenes has been studied in the author s group. A catalytic system well loiown for its ability to form linear dimers from 1-butene in conventional organic solvents - namely the square-planar Ni-complex (q-4-cycloocten-l-yl](l,l,l,5,5,5,-hexafluoro-2,4-pen-tanedionato-0,0 )nickel [(H-COD)Ni(hfacac)] [103] - was therefore used in chloroaluminate ionic liquids. 

The Institut Fran ais du Petrole has developed and commercialized a process, named Dimersol X, based on a homogeneous catalyst, which selectively produces dimers from butenes. The low-branching octenes produced are good starting materials for isononanol production. This process is catalyzed by a system based on a nickel(II) salt, soluble in a paraffinic hydrocarbon, activated with an alkylalumini-um chloride derivative directly inside the dimerization reactor. The reaction is sec-... 

We should also note that 1UPAC changed their naming recommendations in 1993 to place the locant indicating the position of the double bond immediately before the -ene suffix rather than before the parent name but-2-ene rather than 2-butene, for instance. This change has not been widely accepted by the chemical community, however, so we ll stay with the older but more commonly used names. Be aware, though, that you may occasionally encounter the newer system. 

Name the products formed when the following reagents add to 1-butene. 

The reactions of Y with four butene isomers, namely 1-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene, and isobutene, were studied at a collision energy (/ ycoii) of 26.6kcal/mol (see Table 2). In reactions with 1-butene and cis- and trans-2-butene, four processes were observed ... 

The alkene series of hydrocarbons is characterized by having one double bond in the carbon chain. The characteristic formula for members of the series is C H2 . Since there must be at least two carbon atoms present to have a carbon-to-carbon double bond, the first member of this series is ethene, C2H4, also known as ethylene. Propene (propylene), C,Hh, and butene (butylene), C4HK, are the next two members of the series. Note that the systematic names of these compounds denote the number of carbon atoms in the chain with the name derived from that of the alkane having the same number of carbon atoms (Table 21-2). Note also that the characteristic ending -ene is part of the name of each of these compounds. 

The thermochemistry of totally cumulated trienes, i.e. species with the C=C=C=C substructure, is very limited. Indeed, the sole examples we know are those reported by Roth, namely (Z)- and ( )-2,3,4-hexatrienes MeCH=C=C=CHMe, species 17 and 18. Their enthalpies of formation are identical to within experimental error, 265 kJ mol-1. This equality is altogether reasonable given the small Me—Me interaction across the 4-carbon, linear, cumulene chain in contradistinction to the 4.3 kJ mol-1 difference that is found for the isomeric (Z)-and (E)-2-butenes with their significantly smaller Me...Me distance. Are cumulated trienes unstable relative to cumulated dienes much as cumulated dienes are unstable relative to simple olefins Briefly regressing to cumulated dienes, this assertion is corroborated by the finding that species 3, i.e. 1,3-dimethylallene, has an enthalpy of decarbonization 18 of 144.5 kJmol-1 (reaction 12)... 

Polyco A process for converting propylene and butene to liquid fuels, using copper pyrophosphate as the catalyst. The name has also been used as a trade name for a type of polyvinyl acetate made by the Borden Chemical Company. 

A fundamental question concerns the state of the adsorbed gas, namely whether it is closer to the gaseous or the liquid state. At 301 K, the solvent shift is mainly observed on the terminal carbon atoms which are more exposed to intermolecular interactions (22). The carbon Cj and C4 of 1-butene experience a small low field shift with respect to the gas, the carbon a small high field shift, while the methinic C2 carbon atom is much more influenced than the other carbon atoms (low field shift) suggesting a specific interaction at this site of the molecule. 

The existence of chain transfer in the polymerization of the n-butenes and of propene has also been shown [19], and for the last named a hydride ion transfer mechanism has been proposed, which yields branched chains [9]. 

The unlikely molecule in Figure 20—1 is a cyclic anhydride known by several names 2-butene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid anhydride cis-butene-dioic acid anhydride maleic anhydride (MA) and when youVe been in the business a long time, maleic. ... 

Alpha olefins are straight-chain hydrocarbons having a double bond in the number one carbon-carbon position. That s called the alpha position, and hence the name alpha olefin, (There are beta, gamma, etc., compounds around, too.) The chains can have as few as four carbons (butene-1) or more... 

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