Built Formulation

Na Gluconate 45% KOH 42 Si 1icate N Glycol Ether Nonionic Surfactant Amphoteric 

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It has been reported that the LAS/AS mixed active system was produced by continuous oleum sulfonation of LAB followed by addition of the alcohol and more oleum to provide a tandem sulfation [40]. Tallow range alcohol sulfate (Ci6-is AS) was used in the past when U.S. wash temperatures were as high as 60°C. At these wash temperatures and in phosphate-built formulations the Ci6 18 AS gave very good detergency performance [41]. However, as U.S. washing temperatures decreased, C16.,8 AS was replaced by the more soluble shorter-chain ASs, such as C12.I8 or C,4, 5. 

A further development in U.S. mixed active systems occurred in the 1970s as phosphate restrictions proliferated. Ternary mixed active systems consisting of LAS/AS/AES were introduced in both phosphate and nonphosphate versions. Here AES provided increased water hardness tolerance in non-phosphate-built formulations. A typical formulation consisted of the following ... 

CMCs of LAS-AOS mixtures in water that contained no calcium or magnesium ions were determined by Suri et al. [3] by means of the surface tension method. The purpose of this work was to study the advantage of LAS-AOS synergism in prototype phosphate-free carbonate-built formulations for use in the Indian market. The authors have used a commercial C10-C14 LAS sample with an average molecular weight of 343 and a commercial C16-C18 AOS sample with an average molecular weight of 350. 

FIG. 26 Effect of water hardness on foam height of AOS, LAS, AS, AES, and a-SFMe in phosphate-built formulation. (From Ref. 5.)... 

A similar detergency maximum at almost the same oxyethylene content has been observed in the removal of oily soil from metal surfaces using similar surfactants in an alkaline, built formulation (Komor, 1969). The maximum here is at 68% oxyethylene (about 11 oxyethylene units per nonylphenol) at bath temperatures from 40 to 80°C. For a series of polyoxyethylenated nonrandom linear alkylphenols with Cg-Cig alkyl chains, optimum removal of sebum soil from cotton at 49°C and 50 and 300 ppm water hardness was obtained at 63-68% oxyethylene content (Smithson, 1966). A study of the removal of oily soil from cotton and permanent press cloths, and of clay from permanent press cloths by commercial POE alcohols, showed that POE Ci2-Ci4 alcohols with 60% or greater ethylene oxide content achieved the best soil removal (Cox, 1989). 

Campbel-Falcone et al. Water hardness control and lab detergency perf of zeolite-silicate built formulations. Soap and Cosmetic Spec. 54, 1978. 

Satsuki then examined the effects of several anionic surfactants versus water hardness in phosphate-built formulations. The SME outperformed the alpha-olefin sulfonate, LAS, and SLS tested at all water hardnesses other than 0 ppm. It is believed that SME s tolerance to water hardness ions allows for higher detergency [2],... 

The C,g monoalkyldiphenyl oxide disulfonate component yielded the optimum detergency in the unbuilt formulation. In built formulations, the Cj di-alkyldiphenyl oxide disulfonate component showed optimum detergency. In... 

We further discuss how quantities typically measured in the experiment (such as a rate constant) can be computed with the new formalism. The computations are based on stochastic path integral formulation [6]. Two different sources for stochasticity are considered. The first (A) is randomness that is part of the mathematical modeling and is built into the differential equations of motion (e.g. the Langevin equation, or Brownian dynamics). The second (B) is the uncertainty in the approximate numerical solution of the exact equations of motion. 

The dynamic mean-field density functional method is similar to DPD in practice, but not in its mathematical formulation. This method is built around the density functional theory of coarse-grained systems. The actual simulation is a... 

The PLS calibration set was built mixing in an agate mortar different amounts of Mancozeb standard with kaolin, a coadjuvant usually formulated in agrochemicals. Cluster analysis was employed for sample classification and to select the adequate PLS model acording with the characteristics of the sample matrix and the presence of other components. 

Dishwashing foam stability performance of an LAS-based light-duty liquid (LDL) is strongly affected by the carbon chain distribution, by water hardness, and, under some conditions, by phenyl isomer distribution. Foaming characteristics of C)2 phenyl isomer blends have been reported previously for conditions where LAS is the single anionic surfactant in the formulation (phosphate-built laundry powder) and the level of residual water hardness is low [30,31]. Under these conditions the internal phenyl isomers of C,2 LAS gave better foam performance than the 2-phenyl isomer. 

Because of its superior solubility characteristics, a high 2-phenyl LAS (with an alkyl chain length average of 11.4) was the preferred type. The detergency performance of one LAS/AE type of formulation was discussed previously (see Figs. 12 and 13). Early commercial heavy-duty liquid (HDL) formulations were built with phosphate, but since 1979 almost all U.S. HDLs have been formulated without phosphate. 

FIG. 24 Effect of partial replacement of linear alkylbenzesulfonate by a-olefinsulfonate (AOS) in surfactant component of carbonate-built product formulation on detergency of polyester-cotton (50 50 blend). (From Ref. 3.)... 

Let us consider lithium as an example. In the usual treatment of this metal a set of molecular orbitals is formulated, each of which is a Bloch function built from the 2s orbitals of the atoms, or, in the more refined cell treatment, from 2s orbitals that are slightly perturbed to satisfy the boundary conditions for the cells. These molecular orbitals correspond to electron energies that constitute a Brillouin zone, and the normal state of the metal is that in which half of the orbitals, the more stable ones, are occupied by two electrons apiece, with opposed spins. 

The MUF resin formulation is built up from combination of certain amount of formalin, melamine and urea (in initial and post refluxing stages) and also sorbitol. Variation on the formulation gives different resin properties. The optimum resin properties give the optimum MUF resin formulation. From the properties analysis data, the optimum formulation is determined by using Mixture Experimental Design D-optimal criterion. The selective criteria... 

There is some similarity between the cracking of petroleum and the cracking of biomass. However, biomass is more complex chemically both in terms of structrual types and functional groups. In petrochemistry, hydrocarbons are fractionated and they are then functionalized by oxidation, halogenation, nitration and other chemical processes so as to add value. The commodity chemicals are then built up into more complex molecules using such popular synthetic methods as Friedel Craft reactions, Michael and aldol condensations, and Heck and Suzuki couplings. The speciality products of these reactions are then further elaborated into formulations for use in everyday applications ranging from personal care... 

Sherwin-Williams has developed such a polymer process control system. The methodology used to accommodate the contrasting requirements has two key elements. First, the software is based on a simple architecture that places the definition of changing reactor hardware elements and characteristics in easily modified configuration files (5). Second, the language uses a small number of basic commands to describe formulations and reactor control. Complex operations are described by reference to commands tables (macros) built using several basic commands or other macros. 

They can be categorized in three types general, time based, and flow control. All formulations are built out of these commands. 

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