BASIC 7.0 commands

Cursors of different shapes and sizes can be designed easily by the microcomputer user through simple programming, such as using the BASIC commands GET and PUT. The movement of the user-created cursor is controlled through the use of the INKEY function and by testing the ASCII codes of the keyboard keys. 

We will use Mathematica throughout the text. Most of what is necessary to know will be introduced at the time it is needed. Nonetheless, there is some motivation to begin with some very basic commands and structures so that the process is smooth. Therefore, this is the goal of this section—to make your introduction to Mathematica go smoothly. For more information of this type there are many texts that cover Mathematicam detail. 

MATLAB is a formidable mathematics analysis package. We provide an introduction to the most basic commands that are needed for our use. We make no attempts to be comprehensive. We do not want a big, intimidating manual. The beauty of MATLAB is that we only need to know a tiny bit to get going and be productive. Once we get started, we can pick up new skills quickly with MATLAB s excellent on-line help features. We can only learn with hands-on work these notes are written as a "walk-through" tutorial—you are expected to enter the commands into MATLAB as you read along. 

For each session, we put the most important functions in a table for easy reference or review. The first one is on the basic commands and plotting. Try the commands as you read. You do not have to enter any text after the "%" sign. Any text behind a "%" is considered a comment and is ignored. We will save some paper and omit the results generated by MATLAB. If you need to see that for help, they are provided on our Web Support. There is also where we post any new MATLAB changes and upgrades. Features in our tutorial sessions are based on MATLAB Version 6.1, and Control System Toolbox 5.1. 

The help features and the Command Window interface tend to evolve quickly. For that reason, we use our Web Support to provide additional hints and tidbits so we can keep you update of the latest MATLAB changes. For now, we will introduce a few more basic commands ... 

Sherwin-Williams has developed such a polymer process control system. The methodology used to accommodate the contrasting requirements has two key elements. First, the software is based on a simple architecture that places the definition of changing reactor hardware elements and characteristics in easily modified configuration files (5). Second, the language uses a small number of basic commands to describe formulations and reactor control. Complex operations are described by reference to commands tables (macros) built using several basic commands or other macros. 

Basic commands. There are ten basic commands in the language. 

The diagrams in Pigure 2 illustrate the syntax of one of each type of the basic commands. Alternative branches in each diagram show variations in syntax that give flexibility to the commands. Figure 3 lists all ten basic commands in somewhat simplified form. 

An example of a macro is shown in Figures 4 and 5, In the first figure we show a formula fragment using only basic commands and a reference to a macro called "THINDOWN". The Formulator program inserts the text from that macro, shown in the next figure. 

The input window consists of two windows. The left, initially blank window is the space to enter the chemical analysis to be modeled together with the commands to perform the particular modeling task. PHREEQC keywords and PHREEQC BASIC statements may be listed in the right window. A mouse click on the + symbol displays the list of keywords. The utilization of the BASIC commands is explained in chapter 2.2.2.22. 

The Recorder creates Visual Basic commands. You don t have to know anything about Visual Basic to record a command macro in Visual Basic. This provides a good way to gain some initial familiarity with Visual Basic. 

BASIC commands for ML include BLOAD and BSAVE to load and save ML programs or other binary files, and BOOT to load and run an ML program. The familiar USR, WAIT, POKE, PEEK, and SYS commands can now be used to reference the second 64K of memory with the BANK command. SYS can be followed by four parameters that are transferred respectively into the accumulator, X register, Y register, and status flag register. On return from SYS, RREG can be used to... 

Besides PRINT (to check variables), there are four BASIC commands which are great aids when you re hunting down an elusive bug STOP, CONT, REM, and GET. 

The program is now activated. To assign a value to one of the function keys, simply type fa =(BASIC command), where x is a number from one to eight and any legal BASIC statement follows the equal sign. Press RETURN and the computer should respond with OK. If you get a SYNTAX ERROR, check the logic of the BASIC line. For example, fl = LIST defines the fl key as LIST. Any time you press fl, LIST is printed on the screen. Of course, LIST won t be activated until you press RETURN. To activate the command without having to press RETURN, add a left arrow (the key directly above CONTROL) so that the syntax looks like fl=LIST<-. 

You can define all eight function keys with whatever commands you find most useful. But there are a few items to note. First, each key is limited to a maximum of 16 characters. If you exceed the limit, the extra letters will be ignored. Second, if you want a BASIC command to be executed, the last character has to be a left arrow. RUN/STOP-RESTORE resets the computer and eliminates the function key definitions. Simply use SYS 52115 to return to Function Key. Finally, this utility is disabled whenever you run a program. It works only in immediate mode. This allows you to use the function keys from within your program and still have your favorite commands available with one keystroke while editing the program. 

RATES This data block supplies a program written in basic which defines the rate reactions, using parameters specified in the KINETICS block. In addition to most of the usual basic commands, several commands unique to phreeqc are also available, which allow access to parameters calculated by phreeqc. Using a basic program means a bit more work for the user, but the results are worth it, in the sense that virtually any kinetic rate law may be introduced. 

Along these three paths lie the keys to our future. If the industry continues to follow its three basic commandments mentioned in the introduction, somewhere the doors will be opened and the new markets made available, but they will not open without the united effort of all those who participate in the industry. To meet these challenges demands our time, our imagination, our devotion, and a lot of hard work. 

Dedicated automation is usually limited to a specific task, which may be varied by programming or parameterization of the basic commands of the program controlling the instrument. This can take the form of autosamplers, autoanalyzers, or batch processors, and these can offer a cost-effective means of automating an instrument assay. These autosamplers can automate techniques such as solid-phase extraction or dialysis. 

This section is meant to familiarize the reader with frequently used synthesis terminology. The terms discussed here have been used extensively throughout this book, making it imperative that one develop a clear understanding of them at the very outset. The following section should provide a macro-level perspective of the synthesis process, and the background needed to invoke DC and execute the basic commands. Subsequent chapters discuss the eps in greater detail. 

The information written out by the Floorplanner is read into DC. Then, one must perform static timing analysis and if necessary to re-optimize the design. Listed below are the basic commands that help transfer of information to and from DC. 

There are two types of inconsistency. For example, braking and acceleration impose incompatible constraints on speed, so the model-checker cannot compute a next state. This type of inconsistency is detected by a basic command. Other inconsistencies are not visible in the model because they cannot be modeled with the chosen partition or there is no impact on an observable variable. In these cases, we propose to list concurrent interventions to enable an expert to determine inconsistencies. 

Operators. Each element of the interface can respond to the following basic commands, which when applied individually and in combination form the basis for realizing many of the adaptations create/destroy, attach graphic(s), move/stop, enlarge/ shrink, hide/show, dissolve/emerge, blur/glow, raise/lower, compose. 

Direction commands-based methods—such as SUITTEKeys [15] interface—make use of discrete speech commands such as move mouse left (initiating motion in that direction), stop (motion is stopped). The Dragon NaturallySpeaking package, in addition to these basic commands, allows control the cursor speed by commands such as faster , much faster , etc. 

Building up the structure skeleton is effected by means of the GRAPH command GRA, i.e. it determines whether the structure skeleton consists of chains and/or rings and the length of chains or size of rings (Fig. 104). In addition, it determines the bonds between atoms. The basic commands are ... 

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