Builders, detergent compound

Bayberry (Myrica cerifera) wax Hydrogenated menhaden oil Hydrogenated soybean oil Japan (Rhus succedanea) wax buffing compounds, metals Japan wax, synthetic builder, detergents... 

Condensed potassium phosphates have been used as builders in Hquid detergents. The compound tetrapotassium pyrophosphate [7320-34-5] which forms by dehydrating K HPO at 400°C, was used. 

Ether carboxylates are used not only in powdered detergents but in liquid laundry detergents for their hard water stability, lime soap dispersibility, and electrolyte stability they improve the suspension stability and rheology of the electrolyte builder [130,131]. Formulations based particularly on lauryl ether carboxylate + 4.5 EO combined with fatty acid salt and other anionic surfactants are described [132], sometimes in combination with quaternary compounds as softeners [133,163]. Ether carboxylates show improved cleaning properties as suds-controlling agents in formulations with ethoxylated alkylphenol or fatty alcohol, alkyl phosphate esters or alkoxylate phosphate esters, and water-soluble builders [134]. 

The following reaction sequence was used to obtain methyl hydroxymethanediphosphonic acid. This compound is widely used as a water hardness sequestering agent and detergent builder. Triethyl chloride was reacted with acetyl chloride to give diethylacetylphosphonate, followed by a conversion with diethyl phosphite and sodium. After completion of this reaction the substance was hydrolyzed with HC1 to yield hydroxymethanediphosphonic acid, [93,94], as shown in Eqs. (49)-(51) ... 

Tetraphosphonate compounds are another type of calcium-sequestering agent and detergent builder. Propane 1,1,3,3-tetraphosphonate can be formed by reaction of the sodium carbanion of tetraisopropylmethylene-diphosphonate with dichloromethane, then hydrolyzed and converted to the wanted salt [97,98] see Eq. (54) ... 

The yielded product can be converted to a surface-active compound if at least one ester group has been transformed to the free acid or an alkali metal salt thereof [160]. There are also many compounds from phosphinic acid derivatives claimed to be useful as sequestrants and builders to improve detergency, especially bisphosphonylmethylphosphinic acids and polyphosphinic acids [structures (9) and (10)], respectively ... 

Compounds derived from C10 15 alkylbenzenes exhibit excellent detergency in combination with soap or with soap plus builders. 

STPP is used primarily as a builder for detergents, including dishwashing detergents (45%) and industrial and institutional detergents (31%). It also has food uses (13%). Up to 1988 it was in the top 50 chemicals because of its powerful ability to sequester dipositive ions in hard water, but it causes eutrophication of lakes and has been replaced in most detergents by other compounds. 

The problematic agent in this list are builders, compounds that sequester ("capture") mineral ions such as calcium and magnesium that would otherwise reduce the sudsing properties of a cleaning agent. One of the most effective builders ever discovered, and one that was widely used for many years, is sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). The structure of this molecule is such that it can surround and trap ions (such as Ga "" and Mg "") that are responsible for the "hardness in water (which reduces the effectiveness of a detergent). 

Concerns about the effect of TPP on eutrophication have led many states, cities, and regional governments to ban the use of the compound in syndets. Such bans have caused serious problems for detergent manufacturers, however, because no entirely satisfactory substitute for TPP has yet been found. Two promising candidates are the sodium salt of nitrilotriacetic acid, 3Na, N(CH2C02)3 , or NTA and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Both of these compounds act in much the same way as TPP, that is, by sequestering metal ions. Other builders that have been incorporated into syndet formulations include sodium carbonate, synthetic zeolites, borates, and organic polymers known as polycarboxylates. 

The IC analysis of polyphosphates and polycar-boxylates (builders in detergents) is complicated by strong affinities of these compounds toward ion exchangers [54]. CE can readily be used for this... 

In addition to the cathodic hydrodimerization of activated olefins and the Kolbe reaction, the anodic dimerization of CH-acidic compounds is another possibility for the electrochemical C—C coupling. Monsanto 281 > has used the anodic dimerization of malonates in a laboratory synthesis of intermediates for useful sequestrants and detergency builders. 

A builder is a compound that removes calcium and magnesium ions normally present in water, and, as a result, reduces the concentration of surfactants required to carry out the detergent action. Currently, the builder mainly used in practice is sodium tripolyphosphate. However, phosphates are plant nutrients and provoke eutrophication in lakes and streams which receive municipal wastewater contaminated with detergent residuals. Consequently, the use of phosphates in detergents has been restricted. 

There has been more work on monocyclic systems and a number of patents have been taken out on the amino-diacid 4 (75GEP2343147,75GEP2343195, 75GEP2417534 76GEP2456667). Uses proposed for the compound include detergent builder, hardening retardant for gypsum, reduction of calcification... 

The most important use of sodium tripolyphosphate is as a builder in detergents. However, legislative restrictions on the use of phosphorus compounds in household detergents have... 

Detergent Builders. Builders are typically added to a detergent formulation to extend or improve the cleaning performance of a formulation across a wide range of use conditions. The combination of builders and surfactants exhibits a synergistic effect to boost total detergency and cleaning efficacy, as compared with an equal amount of either compound alone. The major properties and characteristics that are desirable... 

Sodium Nitrilotriacetate. One of the first compounds developed as a replacement for STPP was sodium nitrilotriacetate (N(CH2COONa)3 H20 - NTA), which has excellent sequestration and/or chelating properties. This product was quickly accepted by the detergent industry as an alternative builder. However, its use in detergents was suspended in the United States in 1970, when three major detergent manufacturers voluntarily agreed to discontinue its usage... 

Of the salts of the polyphosphoric acids, Na5P3O10 is by far the most important. An enormous amount of this compound has been used as a builder in sulfonate detergents and as a dispersant. Because the P30io5- ion forms stable complexes with Ca2+ and Mg2+, it has been used as a complexing agent in laundry products to prevent these ions from forming precipitates with soap. 

STEROX DJ surfactant is an all-purpose surfactant with a generally lower degree of foaming compared to other alkylphenol-based nonionics. It is an extremely effective detergent at temperatures below 38C (100F) and can be compounded with phosphates and the usual detergent builders for a wide range of applications. 

STP is the major builder ingredient in heavy duty laundry detergents, automatic dishwashing compounds, and industrial and institutional cleaners [3, 4]. 

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