Total detergents

Detergents are metal salts of organic acids used primarily in crankcase lubricants. Alkylbenzenesulfonic acids, alkylphenols, sulfur- and methjiene-coupled alkyl phenols, carboxyUc acids, and alkylphosphonic acids are commonly used as their calcium, sodium, and magnesium salts. Calcium sulfonates, overbased with excess calcium hydroxide or calcium carbonate to neutralize acidic combustion and oxidation products, constitute 65% of the total detergent market. These are followed by calcium phenates at 31% (22). 

FIG. 2 Detergency (AR) behavior of the three-component system soap, sodium metasilicate, sodium methyl a-sulfotallowate (0.2% total detergent concentration, 50°C, 300 ppm water hardness, EMPA-101 cotton cloth). 

Supercompact detergents have made their way worldwide since 1992 and are meanwhile state of the art in many countries. The market shares vary significantly from country to country and from region to region. In the USA compact powders accounted for 80% of total detergent powders, whereas their share in Japan was even 92% in the total powder category in 1998. 

The micelle with NCXA+ monomers will have CBr counterions. The positive charge of the micelle will be the sum of positive and negative ions (NCXA+ + CBr ). The actual concentration of each species will vary with the total detergent concentration, as in the case of SDS (Figure 3.9). 

Detergent Builders. Builders are typically added to a detergent formulation to extend or improve the cleaning performance of a formulation across a wide range of use conditions. The combination of builders and surfactants exhibits a synergistic effect to boost total detergency and cleaning efficacy, as compared with an equal amount of either compound alone. The major properties and characteristics that are desirable... 

The average size of bile salt micelles and the distribution of micellar sizes around the mean value are important physical-chemical characteristics of a bile salt solution [5,6]. Because bile salt micellar growth is sensitive to total detergent concentration within the micellar phase, with temperature and ionic strength, the physical-chemical conditions must be rigorously controlled and specified [5,6]. Further, most... 

The described mechanisms of detergency are put into practice by using synthetic micelle-forming surfactants, among which the mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants (particularly alkylsulfates and oxyethylenated alcohols) make 10 to 40 % of the total detergent formulation. Cationic surfactants (alkylamines) that are also included into synthetic detergent formulations may contribute up to 5% of the total amount of formulation. These substances reveal biocidal action and control micelle formation by forming mixed micelles. 

This means that at any given temperature, for any given total detergent concentration (D[ = D + Dm), the relationship between the concentrations of monomeric surfactant (Dw) and micellar surfactant (Dm) is determined by the difference in standard chemical potentials, AGL, according to... 

The cmc of a surfactant is commonly defined as being that total detergent concentration at which micelle formation is already considerable (experimentally detectable) but most of the surfactant is still monomeric D > ) ), so that the concentration of monomers is still close to the total detergent concentration (D D[ = cmc ). It is therefore convenient to define cmc [1] by the equation... 

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