Brownfield

Economic Aspects and Uses. About 50% of all sodium sulfate produced ia the United States is from brine. In 1988, 410,000 tons were produced from brine. Most of the production is from North American Chemicals Co. 02ark-Mahoning at Brownfield and Seagraves, Texas produce 25% and Great Salt Lake Minerals and Chemicals Corp. produce 5%. 

The process can handle a wide range of materials, including heavy metal contaminated wastes. It is very fast compared to conventional processes and produces an easily handled product that can be used in construction. Waste CO2 can be captured and converted into carbonate to yield carbon credits. Target applications include pre-treatment of waste prior to disposal, recychng and reuse of industrial waste, and remediation of contaminated brownfield sites. 

Lead at a lightly contaminated brownfield site has a concentration in soil of 600 mg/kg to a depth of 1 ft. The cleanup standard has been set at 400 mg/kg. Indian mustard, Bmssica juncea, will be planted, fertilized, and harvested three times each year for phytoextraction. Using small doses of EDTA, it is possible to achieve concentrations in the plant of 5000 mg/kg (dry weight basis), and harvestable densities of 2.721 (3 short tons) dry matter per crop. Estimate the time required for cleanup ... 

U.S. EPA, Brownfields Technology Primer Selecting and Using Phytoremediation for Site Cleanup, EPA 542-R-01-006, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Technology Innovation Office, Washington, 2001. 

Brownfields are contaminated and derelict land typically in urban settings in which federal funds, limited to 200,000, have been made available. These funds are often associated with significant tax benefits, and serve as seed money for state-granted assistance to selected private-sector developers. The objective of the brownfield initiative, like that of the VCPs, is to assist in the rebuilding of distressed urban areas, to create jobs, and to strengthen cities infrastructure. Under this alternative,... 

Any real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence of one or more of the above hazardous substances is termed brownfield [37,38,70,84]. 

Nevius, J.G. Brownfields and green insurance. Environ. Protection 2003, 14 (2), 27-27. Addlestone, S.I. Waste makes haste top issues in waste management in 2003. Environ. Protection 2003, 14 (i), 34-37. 

The biopUe process was used at brownfield site in Hackensack, New lersey. This site was contaminated with TPH at concentrations averaging 18,000 ppm. Twenty-two thousand cubic yards of soil at the site were treated, and final TPH concentrations were less than 1000 ppm. The cost for this project was 500,000, which was less than the 10 million estimate for using an alternative treatment technology (D21947Q, pp.3, 4). 

At a brownfield site in Illinois, the biopile process was used with air sparging to treat soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and by-products of asphalt production. Treatment at the 13- to 15-acre site occurred for one year, and site closure was achieved as a result of the process. The project cost was approximately 100,000, which was significantly less than the estimated cost of landfilling the contaminated soil (D21948R, pp. 3, 5). 

In 1999, HRC was used with other treatment technologies at a brownfield site in Aurora, Colorado. An in situ air sparge/soil vapor extraction system was first used at the site to treat TCE contamination however, additional measures were needed to prevent the migration of PCE off-site. After an unsuccessful application of zero-valent iron injection, 240 lb of HRC were injected at five locations by direct-push methods. Total project costs were 110,000, which... 

Table 2 presents vendor-supplied cost estimates for implementing their frozen barrier technology at brownfield redevelopment sites. Costs for RKK s system are compared with costs for a sheet pile wall barrier. The estimates are based on the cost of containment at a 3.5-acre site with contamination 50 ft below ground surface (D221647, p. 3). 

TABLE 2 Vendor-Supplied Cost Estimates for Using Frozen Barriers and Sheet Pile Wall Barriers at Brownfield Redevelopment Sites (Assumes a 3.5-Acre Site with Contamination 50 Ft Deep)... 

We would like to thank the reviewers of this chapter, Dr J. Hower (Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky), Dr M. Brownfield (USGS Denver), and one anonymous reviewer. Their questions, comments, and suggestions were greatly appreciated and helped us to expand the focus of the chapter and improve the quality of this review. 

Kolker, A., Finkelman, R. B., Affolter, R. H. Brownfield, M. E. 2000. The composition of coal combustion by-products examples from a Kentucky power plant. In Vories-Kimery, C. Throgmorton, D. (eds) The Use and Disposal of Coal Combustion By-Products at Coal Mines A Technical Interactive Forum. US Department of Interior, Office of Surface Mining. Alton, IL, United States and Southern Illinois University, Coal Research Center, Carbondale, IL, 15-24. 

Dr. Michael Brownfield, USGS, Box 25046, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225-0046, USA. 

The EPA estimates that it will take an average of 30 years for states to complete remediation at known sites. The total costs for both states and private parties is estimated to be 12.2 billion, based on information available from 45 states. In addition, the agency estimates that the 130,000 to 450,000 brownfield sites will cost over 650 billion to remediate. 

Industrially contaminated soil. The investigation, remediation (where necessary) and re-use of derelict and industrially contaminated land is a major concern, particularly in developed countries where legislation exists or is being enacted to promote re-use of brownfield sites and discourage greenfield development. 

Brownfield MS, Yracheta J, Chu F, Lorenz D, Diaz A. Functional chemical neuroanatomy of serotonergic neurons and their targets antibody production and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for 5-HT, its precursor (5-HTP) and metabolite (5-HIAA) biosynthetic enzyme (TPH), transporter (SERT) and three receptors (5-HT2A, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7). Ann NY Acad Sci 1998 861 232-233. 

Wang ZY, Keith IM, Beckman MJ, Brownfield MS, Vidruk EH, Bisgard GE. 5-HT5A receptors in the carotid body chemoreception pathway of rat. Neurosci Lett 2000 278 9-12. 

Duncan MJ, Jennes L, Jefferson JB, Brownfield MS. Localization of serotonin5A receptors in discrete regions of the circadian timing system in the Syrian hamster. Brain Res 2000 869 178-185. 

Neumaier JF, Sexton TJ, Yracheta J, Diaz AM, Brownfield M. Localization of 5-HT7 receptors in rat brain by immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization, and agonist-stimulated cFos expression. J Chem Neuroanat 2001 21 63-73. 

Innovative Responses to Challenges Redevelopment of Cos Cob Brownfields Site, Connecticut, USA... 

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