Brooding

In commercial practice the crop is taken from the tree shortly before emergence of the new brood. Some of these twigs are then tied to new trees to provide future sources of lac but the rest, sticklac, is subjected to further processing. The average yield per tree is about 201b per annum, usually one crop being allowed per tree per year. 

Wurf, m. throw, cast litter, brood (Mech.)... 

Beckers, et al. [beckers94], have introduced a simple distributed sorting algorithm that is inspired by the self-organized way in which ant colonies sort their brood. 

Effects on reproduction [size of litters/broods evidence of teratogenicity (physical defects) in foetuses]. 

Introduction of chicks to hens preadapted to brooding cages. 

The best-known photograph of Mendeleyev shows him in his later years. He looks like a brooding madman, with a long white beard and a shock of wiry hair that a local shepherd trimmed once a year with sheep shears. But Mendeleyev was not a madman he was a brilliant chemist who contributed valuable insights in many areas of science until his death in 1907. 

The applicability of such VS in combination with tools available include situations where portions of any molecule need replacement with bioisosteric fragments. In this regard, BROOD software [105] and MOE [222] provide automated tools for fragment removal, replacement, and minimization to relieve any strain in the molecular assembly step and provide a database of fragments(isosteres) that could be enhanced in custom fashion by an enterprise as well. These software allow facile FBVS in 3D. Since this software has become available within the last 2 years, there seem to be a dearth of use cases in the published literature. However, anecdotal reports indicate that these are being used regularly in industry and the Websites of these two vendors provide adequate information for the inquisitive reader. 

Plots 12 and 13 afford a comparison of the harvest residues from first- and second-brood sprays. On plot 13, which was sprayed on May 11 and 20 and June 3 and 16, the parathion residue was only 0.1 p.p.m. on July 30 and none in subsequent samplings. On plot 12, which received two sprays on July 7 and 28, the residue on Jonathan apples was 1.23 p.p.m. on July 30 and 0.09 on September 14. 

Larva Inhibits worker ovarian development Ten component blend of brood pheromone methyl ethyl palmitate 78 79, stearate 80 81, oleate 56 90,linoleate 82 83, linolenate 84 84a, specifically ethyl palmitate methyl linolenate [121,122]... 

Larva Decreases worker response proboscis threshold to sucrose in a extension response increases number of pollen foragers Ten component blend of brood pheromone [123]... 

An example of an uncharacterized chemical cue from ant brood occurs in the obligatory slave-making ant, Polyergus breviceps. Pupae of this species are cared for by their enslaved host worker, while pupae of other species are consumed [125]. 

An example from ants is the acceptance of the caterpillar of the parasitic butterfly Maculinea rebeli by its host Myrmica schencki [132]. The caterpillar chemically mimics ant larvae and, in its final instar, drops from its food plant and waits for a foraging ant worker to bring it to the brood chambers of the host colony [133]. 

Parental stock Percentage of eggs capable of brooding Fertility rate Hatching rate Number of chicks per hen Feed consumption per chick... 

He concludes that These scientific, or quasi-scientific discussions soothed me. They took my mind from brooding on the mysteries of the occult, by... 

Neanthes arenaceodentata is the most sensitive marine organism yet tested. In worms exposed to sublethal concentrations of CC6, feeding was disrupted after 14 days at 79 pg/L (USEPA 1980), reproduction ceased after 440 days (three generations) at 100 pg/L (Oshida et al. 1981), brood size was reduced after 309 to 440 days at 12.5 to 16.0 pg/L (Oshida et al. 1981 Oshida and Word 1982), and abnormalities in larval development increased after 5 months at 25 pg/L (Reish 1977). On the other hand, exposure for 293 days (two generations) in 50,400 pg Cr+3/L caused no adverse effects on survival, maturation time required for spawning, or brood size (Oshida et al. 1981). The poly-chaete Capitella capitata was more resistant than Neanthes, a decrease in brood size was noted only after exposure for 5 months to 50 and 100 pg Cr+6/L (USEPA 1980). 

Becker, P.H., D. Henning, and R.W. Furness. 1994. Differences in mercury contamination and elimination during feather development in gull and tern broods. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27 162-167. 

A freshwater sponge (Ephydatia fluviatilis) grew normally at a concentration of 0.65 pg Zn/L, but growth was reduced at lower concentrations tested (Francis and Harrison 1988). Daphnids (Daphnia pulex, Daphnia magna) reared for six brood cycles in zinc-free water showed reduced survival, inhibited reproduction, and cuticle damage (Keating and Caffrey 1989). Zinc is important... 

Martin, P.A. and D.J. Forsyth. 1993. Survival and behavior of captive mallard broods exposed to carbofuran-sprayed vegetation a field experiment. Ecotoxicology 2 79-92. 

No reduction in consumption of pollen or in quantity of brood reared, but >50% reduction in amount of sucrose syrup stored... 

Treated bees consumed significantly less water and pollen and produced significantly less comb, brood, and new workers... 

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