Brooding behavior

Forester, D. C., 1984, Brooding behavior by the mountain dusky salamander Can the female s presence reduce clutch desiccation Herpetologica, 40 105. 

Highton, R., and Savage, T., 1961, Functions of the brooding behavior in the female red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus, Copeia, 1961 95. 

Martin, P.A. and D.J. Forsyth. 1993. Survival and behavior of captive mallard broods exposed to carbofuran-sprayed vegetation a field experiment. Ecotoxicology 2 79-92. 

A recent survey about essential oils and their pure constituents used to control Varroa jacobsoni, contained three interesting tables that reported the toxicity of essential oils for V. jacobsoni and Apis mellifera after 24, 48 and 72 hours in a topical application and in an evaporation test, and the effects of essential oils on behavior and reproduction of V jacobsoni and on the bee brood [63]. The most interesting oils were those of cinnamon and clove, with 100% mite mortality after 24 h and no significant toxicity on honey bees. Furthermore, clove essential oil produced small brood mortality, and it was an inhibitor of mite reproduction. Other effective oils were anise, fennel, lavender, rosemary and wintergreen, which killed 100% mites after 48-72 hours. On the contrary, the oils obtained from garlic, onion, oregano and thyme, were found to be very toxic for honey bees. Among pure constituents, camphor, linalool, linalyl acetate and pinene resulted small brood mortality and inhibited mite reproduction. 

Hamel, J.F. and Mercier, A., Prespawning behavior, spawning, and development of brooding starfish Leptasterias polaris, Biol. Bull., 188, 32, 1995. 

Currently, it is not possible to accurately transform data gathered from molecular markers to predict effects at the population and community levels of organization. Certainly, behavioral alterations caused by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors may cause an increase in predation or increase the tendency of a parent to abandon a brood, but the long-term populational effects are difficult to estimate. In the estimation and classification of potential effects, it may be the pattern of indicators that is more important than the simple occurrence of one that is important. 

The schedule of worker bee activities is highly flexible and depends on physiological, ecological, and behavioral factors [6]. During autumn, a reduction in brood rearing and an increase in pollen consumption result in a population of long-lived winter bees having increased fat bodies and protein reserves. The normal 6-week adult life of summer bees may be extended to several months in these winter bees [3-5]. 

These tests are carried out in accordance with the EPPO 170 Directive [20]. They should allow us to obtain enough information to assess the potential risks of the plant protection product on the survival and behavior of bees. They are requested when the risk is considered as high (Qho and Qhc > 50, or in the case of significant effects on the brood or of suspected indirect effects delayed effects, behavior modification, etc.). 

Foraging (e.g., food finding, evaluation and acquisition), agonistic and reproductive behaviors are contexts where chemosensory cues and chemosensory sensilla are essential for most crustaceans. Of those three topics, the role of chemoreception and chemical signals in reproductive behaviors is least understood and needs more research effort in the future. In particular, the role of pheromone receptors in mate-finding and evaluation, courtship, copulation, and brood care is... 

Little EE (1976) Ontogeny of maternal behavior and brood pheromone in crayfish. J Comp Physiol 112 133-142... 

Bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) detect the body odors of conspecifics indicative of dominant relationships, and increase territorial aggression toward chemical strangers. Nonspecific diet metabolites as well as specific pheromones are important in chemical mediation of social behavior (Bryant and Atema 1987). Pheromone-mediated social behaviors were also observed in the Nile (Oreochromis niloticus) and the Mozambique tilapia (O. mossambicus ). They use pheromones to establish hierarchies, display elaborate courtship rituals and parental care (mouth-brooding) (Miranda et al. 2005 Barata et al. 2008). In crustaceans, brood pheromone has been associated with maternal behavior in crayfish (Little 1975,1976). Chemical cues in the urine are also important for crustaceans to recognize individuals and to establish dominance hierarchies (Katoh et al. 2008 Skog et al. 2009). A review on crayfish courtship and dominance pheromones can be found in this volume (Breithaupt, Chap. 13). 

Groves, J, D., 1982, Egg-eating behavior of brooding five-lined skinks, Eumeces fasciatus, Copeia, 1982 969-971. 

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