Ethyl specification

The substituent names are ethyl, specifically diethyl, and cyclopropyl, specifically dimeth-ylcyclopropyl. 

The additives for improving the cetane number, called pro-cetane, are particularly unstable oxidants, the decomposition of which generates free radicals and favors auto-ignition. Two families of organic compounds have been tested the peroxides and the nitrates. The latter are practically the only ones being used, because of a better compromise between cost-effectiveness and ease of utilization. The most common are the alkyl nitrates, more specifically the 2-ethyl-hexyl nitrate. Figure 5.12 gives an example of the... 

This preparation was discovered independently by Geuther (1863) and by Frankland and Duppa (1865). The reaction was subsequently investigated in detail and so w idely extended by Claisen that it has become solely a specific example of the more general process known as the Claisen Condensation. Claisen showed that an ester under the influence of sodium ethoxide would not only condense with itself (as in the preparation of ethyl acetoacetate), but also with (i) another ester, (ii) a ketone, if of formula RCHgCOR, (iii) a nitrile, if of formula RCH CN, in each case with the elimination of alcohol. Examples of these modifications are ... 

Specifications and Analytical Methods. Vinyl ethers are usually specified as 98% minimum purity, as determined by gas chromatography. The principal impurities are the parent alcohols, limited to 1.0% maximum for methyl vinyl ether and 0.5% maximum for ethyl vinyl ether. Water (by Kad-Fischer titration) ranges from 0.1% maximum for methyl vinyl ether to 0.5% maximum for ethyl vinyl ether. Acetaldehyde ranges from 0.1% maximum in ethyl vinyl ether to 0.5% maximum in butyl vinyl ether. 

The alcohols, proprietary denatured ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol, are commonly used for E-type inks. Many E-type inks benefit from the addition of small amounts of ethyl acetate, MEK, or normal propyl acetate to the solvent blends. Aromatic hydrocarbon solvents are used for M-type inks. Polystyrene resins are used to reduce the cost of top lacquers. T-type inks are also reduced with aromatic hydrocarbons. Acryflc resins are used to achieve specific properties for V-type inks. Vehicles containing vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate copolymer resins make up the vinyl ink category. Ketones are commonly used solvents for these inks. 

Health and Safety Factors. Handling of cyanoacetic acid and cyanoacetates do not present any specific danger or health hazard if handled with the usual precautions. Cyanoacetic acid is classified as a moderate irritant (skin irritation, rabbits) and has an LD q (oral, rats) of 1500 mg/kg. Methyl and ethyl cyanoacetate are both classified as slight irritants (skin irritation, rabbits) and have an LD q (oral, rats) of 3062 and 2820 mg/kg, respectively. Transport classification cyanoacetic acid RID/ADR 8 IMDG-Code 8 lATA/ICAO 6.1. Methyl and ethyl cyanoacetate RID/ADR 6.1 IMDG-Code 6.1 lATA/ICAO 6.1. 

Optically Active PO. The synthesis of optically pure PO has been accompHshed by microbial asymmetric reduction of chloroacetone [78-95-5] (90). (3)-2-Meth5loxirane [16088-62-3] (PO) can be prepared in 90% optical purity from ethyl (3)-lactate in 44% overall yield (91). This method gives good optical purity from inexpensive reagents without the need for chromatography or a fermentation step. (3)-PO is available from Aldrich Chemical Company, having a specific rotation [0 ] ° 7.2 (c = 1, CHCl ). 

Commercial Manufacture of Specific Pyridine Bases. Condensation of paraldehyde with ammonia at 230°C and autogenous pressure (eq. 22) is used to manufacture 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine (7). This is one of the few Hquid-phase processes used in the industry to make relatively simple aLkylpyridines, and one of the few processes known to make a single alkylpyridine product selectively. 

Succinic esters condense with aldehydes and ketones in the presence of bases, eg, sodium alkoxide or piperidine, to form monoesters of alkybdenesuccinic acids, eg, condensation of diethyl succinate with acetone yields ethyl 2-isopropyhdenesuccinate (eq. 3). This reaction, known as Stobbe condensation, is specific for succinic esters and substituted succinic esters (98,99). 

Enzymatic acylation reactions offer considerable promise in the synthesis of specific ester derivatives of sucrose. For example, reaction of sucrose with an activated alkyl ester in /V, /V- dim ethyl form am i de in the presence of subtilisin gave 1 -0-butyrylsucrose, which on further treatment with an activated fatty acid ester in acetone in the presence of Hpase C. viscosum produced the 1, 6-diester derivative (71,72). 

Acylation. To achieve acylation of thiophenes, acid anhydrides with phosphoric acid, iodine, or other catalysts have been widely used. Acid chlorides with AlCl, SnCl, ZnCl2, and BF also give 2-thienylketones. AH reactions give between 0.5 and 2.0% of the 3-isomer. There has been much striving to find catalyst systems that minimize the 3-isomer content attempting to meet to customer specifications. The standard procedure for formylation is via the Vil smeier-H a ack reaction, using phosphoms o xycbl o ri de / /V, / V- dim e tb yl fo rm a m i de (POCl /DMF) or /V-m ethyl form an i1 i de. 

Fig. 4. (a) Yam resistance in n-cm vs amount of antistatic agent on the yam. The agent is the ethyl sulfate salt of an amine, (b) Resistance vs amount of nonionic, hygroscopic agent on the yam. Dotted lines are calculated from the specific resistance of the dry bulk solution soHd lines are experimental yam... 

Rapid, simple, quaUtative methods suitable for determining the presence of benzene in the workplace or surroundings have been utilized since the 1930s. Many early tests offered methods for detection of aromatics but were not specific for benzene. A straightforward test allowing selective detection of benzene involves nitration of a sample to y -dinitrobenzene and reaction of the resultant ether extract with an ethanoHc solution of sodium hydroxide and methyl ethyl ketone (2-butanone), followed by the addition of acetic acid to eliminate interferences from toluene and xylenes. Benzene imparts a persistent red color to the solution (87). The method is claimed to be sensitive to concentrations as low as 0.27 ppm benzene from 10 mL air samples. 

The equihbrium shown in equation 3 normally ties far to the left. Usually the water formed is removed by azeotropic distillation with excess alcohol or a suitable azeotroping solvent such as benzene, toluene, or various petroleum distillate fractions. The procedure used depends on the specific ester desired. Preparation of methyl borate and ethyl borate is compHcated by the formation of low boiling azeotropes (Table 1) which are the lowest boiling constituents in these systems. Consequently, the ester—alcohol azeotrope must be prepared and then separated in another step. Some of the methods that have been used to separate methyl borate from the azeotrope are extraction with sulfuric acid and distillation of the enriched phase (18), treatment with calcium chloride or lithium chloride (19,20), washing with a hydrocarbon and distillation (21), fractional distillation at 709 kPa (7 atmospheres) (22), and addition of a third component that will form a low boiling methanol azeotrope (23). 

Commercial ethyl alcohol is shipped in railroad tank cars, tank tmcks, 208-L (55-gal) and 19-L (5-gal) dmms, and in smaller glass or metal containers having capacities of 0.473 L (one pint), 0.946 L (one quart), 3.785 L (one U.S. gal), or 4.545 L (one Imperial gal). The 208-L dmms may be of the unlined iron type. If a guarantee of more meticulous quaUty is desired, the dmms may be lined with phenoHc resin. AH containers, of course, must comply with the specifications of the U.S. Department of Transportation. Both 190 proof and 200 proof ethyl alcohol are considered red label (flammable) materials by the DOT, as both have flash points below 37.8°C by the Tag closed-cup method. 

Specifications. The specifications for ethyl alcohol are designed with sufficient latitude to allow for the two principal means of production. ... 

The primary producers of ethyl alcohol also market the specially denatured and completely denatured alcohols, as well as various proprietary solvents in which ethyl alcohol is the basic ingredient. These various products can also be described by rigid and descriptive specifications, but the... 

Specifications. Ethyl ether is commercially avaHable in the foHowing grades USP anesthesia, absolute (ACS), industrial, solvent (cone), and synthetic. Specifications vary, depending on the consumer and use. In many instances, the ether has to meet a specific test written into the specification, eg, it may be important that the ether is completely anhydrous or free from alcohol and aldehyde. 

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