Bronze area

The inner cordon surrounds the bronze area and contains the immediate area of the incident (Fig. 2.3). Access through the inner cordon will be strictly limited in view of safety and forensic concerns. 

The outer cordon surrounds the silver area and thus also contains the bronze area or areas. Within the silver area are the elements of the emergency services response, including the command centre and the casualty clearing station. Access through the outer cordon will be controlled by the police and limited to those who have a legitimate reason to be there as well as suitable professional identification, i.e. medical badge/British Association for Immediate Care (BASICS) card, etc. 

The bronze area contains the immediate scene of the incident, for example the wreckage of the bus after the London bombings. Presence within the bronze area is likely to be associated with significant physical risk and admission will be strictly limited. The officers in command of each emergency service within the bronze area are known as forward commanders. The bronze area is referred to as the operational level. In some incidents there may be more than one bronze area, for example at each end of a tunnel containing a rail incident or with multiple incidents in one service area such as occurred with the London bombings. 

The emergency services response at the scene of an incident is controlled by the joint emergency services control centre which consists of the silver-level commanders of each emergency service. The fire, jx)lice and ambulance commanders will be recognisable by their identifying tabards. Within the bronze area each service has a forward commander who is responsible to the commander at silver level. 

Easy occess to the incident site (bronze area) Easy occess ond egress for emergency vehicles... 

Officers responsible for triage in the bronze area (primary triage ojficers) and at the casualty clearing station (secondary triage ojficers) will be appointed by the ambulance service. 

Bronze disease necessitates immediate action to halt the process and remove the cause. For a long time, stabilization was sought by removal of the cuprous chloride by immersing the object in a solution of sodium sesquicarbonate. This process was, however, extremely time-consuming, frequentiy unsuccesshil, and often the cause of unpleasant discolorations of the patina. Objects affected by bronze disease are mostiy treated by immersion in, or surface appHcation of, 1 H-henzotriazole [95-14-7] C H N, a corrosion inhibitor for copper. A localized treatment is the excavation of cuprous chloride from the affected area until bare metal is obtained, followed by appHcation of moist, freshly precipitated silver oxide which serves to stabilize the chloride by formation of silver chloride. Subsequent storage in very dry conditions is generally recommended to prevent recurrence. 

When possible, avoid coupling materials having widely dissimilar galvanic potentials. If this cannot he avoided, make use of favorable area ratios by giving the active metal a large exposed area relative to the noble metal. For example, copper or copper-based alloy tubes may be joined to a steel tube sheet. Because of the favorable area ratio in this case, a relatively inexpensive steel tube sheet may be intentionally substituted for a bronze or a brass tube sheet if thickness specifications allow for a small amount of galvanic corrosion of the steel. 

The press had been designed with a capacity to deliver 280 kN press force and to work at a production rate of 40 lids per minute. Calculations to determine the distribution of forming loads required indicated that the press capacity was adequate to form the family of steel lids to be produced on the machine. One of the major areas of interest in the design was the con-rod and pin (see Figure 4.66). The first option considered was based on a previous design where the con-rod was manufactured from cast iron with phosphor bronze bearings at the big and small ends. However, weaknesses in this approach necessitated the consideration of other options. The case study presents the analysis of the pin and con-rod using simple probabilistic techniques in an attempt to provide in-service reliable press operation. The way a weak link was introduced to ensure ease of maintenance and repair in the event... 

A high-pressure air compressor drew its air from an area where oxy-acetylene welding was taking place. Small amounts of copper acetylide formed on a bronze valve and exploded. 

The above Sn nitrate ( ) deserves mention because it was thought to be a fire and expin hazard in industrial accidents. For example, at the Spandau plant in Ger, several fires erupted in areas where wet NC came in constant contact with soldered bronze joints. In order to prevent further incidents, all soldered joints were examined and were found to be corroded with a coating contg Sn and nitrate ions. It was also found that the corroded material exploded when removal with a chisel was attempted Ellern (Ref 2) mentions that in the presence of w, cupric nitrate and Sn foil, on prolonged and intimate contact, will produce flaming and sparking... 

The ability to geographically identify the source area of natural gems plays an important role in determining if these stones may have originated from a politically unstable area. Garnet is a semiprecious silicate mineral of variable composition that has been used as a gemstone since the Bronze Age. 

The most intense NAA study of archaeological ceramics has been focused on the Bronze Age Mycenaean and Minoan pottery of Greece and Crete, and related areas around the eastern Mediterranean (Mommsen et al. 2002). This work began in Berkeley, California, in the 1960s with the work of Perlman and Asaro (1969), who went on to analyze 878 shards of pottery. The results were never fully published according to Asaro and Perlman (1973, 213), the question of provenience of the vast quantities of Mycenaean wares has... 

The peroxyacylnitrates were first identified in % as the primary cause of the undersurface glazing and bronzing on some broadleaved plants. PAN has since been implicated in numerous pollution episodes in southern California. Its importance in other metropolitan and rural areas in the United States and throughout the world is uncertain, although symptoms have been reported elsewhere. The reason is that oxidant concentrations in other parts of the world are much lower than those reported in California, and monitoring networks have not looked for PAN or its homologues. The report by Penkett et al. was the first to come from Europe. 

At IREQ, besides the participation in the field tests run by the engineers of Hydro-Quebec (12), the main effort has been to tackle fundamental problems in the field of electrocatalysis (18-22) and of anodic oxidation of different potential fuels (23-26). A careful and extensive study of the electrochemical properties of the tungsten bronze has been carried out (18-20) the reported activity of these materials in acid media for the oxygen reduction could not be reproduced and this claim by other workers has been traced back to some platinum impurities in the electrodes. Some novel techniques in the area of electrode preparation are also under study (21,22) the metallic deposition of certain metals on oriented graphite show some interesting catalytic features for the oxygen reduction and also for the oxygen evolution reaction. 

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