Bronchopulmonary

The mucolytic acetylcysteine may be used as part of the treatment of bronchopulmonary diseases such as emphysema It is primarily given by nebulization but also may be directiy instilled into a tracheostomy to liquefy (thin) secretions. The mucolytic drugs are effective as adjunctive therapy in chronic bronchopulmonary diseases, such as chronic emphysema, emphysema with... 

Autoimmune nephrotic syndromes Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Mineral dust pneumoconiosis... 

Daily energy requirements for children are approximately 150% of basal metabolic rate with additional calories to support activity and growth (Table 57-5). Requirements increase with fever, sepsis, major surgery, trauma, burns, long-term growth failure, and chronic conditions (e.g., bronchopulmonary dysplasia, congenital heart disease, and cystic fibrosis). 

ABPA = Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis CMC = chronic mucocutaneus candidiasis. ... 

Virnig C, Bush RK Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis a US perspective. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2007 13 67-71. 

The effect of ozone on lysosomal enzymes has been studied by a number of investigators. Ozone has been clearly shown to inactivate lysozyme in vitro, but the effects of inhaled ozone on the activity of lysozyme appear to depend on the pulmonary fraction under study. Holzman et al. reported that exposure of rabbits or mice to ozone resulted in a decrease in the lysozyme activity of bronchopulmonary lavage samples. The effect was linearly related to product of ozone concentration and duration of exposure, although relatively high concentrations of ozone (2.0-S.S ppm) were used in this acute-exposure experiment (1-4 h). The authors also reported that alveolar cells present in the bronchial lavage of rabbits exposed to ozone at 10 ppm for 3 h had a decrease in the rate of lysosomal... 

Exposure of rats to biphenyl dust impregnated in diatomaceous earth at a concentration of 300mg/m for 7 hours/day, for 64 days caused irritation of the nasal mucosa, bronchopulmonary lesions, and slight injury to the liver and kidneys." ... 

Friedman SA, Cammarato M, Aviado DM Toxicity of aerosol propellants in the respiratory and circulatory systems. II. Respiratory and bronchopulmonary effects in the rat. Toxicology 1 345-355, 1973... 

Mucolytic Adjuvant therapy for abnormal, viscid, or inspissated mucus secretions in chronic bronchopulmonary disease (chronic emphysema, emphysema with bronchitis, chronic asthmatic bronchitis, tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, primary amyloidosis of lung) acute bronchopulmonary disease (pneumonia, bronchitis, tracheobronchitis) pulmonary complications of cystic fibrosis tracheostomy care pulmonary complications associated with surgery use during anesthesia posttraumatic chest conditions atelectasis due to mucus obstruction diagnostic bronchial studies (bronchograms, bronchospirometry, bronchial wedge catheterization). 

May be introduced directly into a particular segment of the bronchopulmonary tree by inserting (under local anesthesia and direct vision) a plastic catheter into the trachea. Instill 2 to 5 mL of the 20% solution by a syringe connected to the catheter. 

Pearson, E., Bose, C., Snidow, T., Ransom, L., Young, T., Bose, G., and Stiles, A. (1992). Trial of vitamin A supplementation in very low birth weight infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. /. Pediatr. 121, 420-427. 

Palivizumab is used to prevent serious lower respiratory tract infection due to RSV. It is used only in high-risk children who are younger than 24 months of age and have bronchopulmonary dysplasia or chronic lung disease that required treatment in the previous 6 months. It is also indicated for premature infants (less than 32 weeks gestation) until the age of 6 to 12 months. Palivizumab can reduce the incidence of RSV-related hospitalization by approximately half. The safety and efficacy of palivizumab in the treatment of RSV disease have not been established. 

It is obtained from Streptomyces notalensis and it is found effective against Trichophyton violaceum, Trichomonas vaginalis and Aspergillusfumigatus. It is used as eye ointment in keratitis due to Fusarium and Cephalosporium and as an inhalation in bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and candidiasis. 

B. Indications and use Synagis is indicated for the prevention of serious lower respiratory tract disease caused by RSV in infants and children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or a history of premature birth (< 35 weeks gestation) who are under 24 months of age at the time of first administration. 

Prevention of serious lower respiratory tract infection caused by respiratory syncytial virus in children less than 24 months of age with bronchopulmonary dysplasia or a history of prematurity (less than or equal to 35 weeks gestation)... 

On the other hand, there are many reports of hypertension (394), and electrocardiographic and other studies have often confirmed the presence of a disproportionately serious and bilateral hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, which unless it proves fatal is, in general, reversible once the glucocorticoids are withdrawn (SEDA-18, 386). Although the issue is confounded by the possibility that infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia may be innately hypertensive, there seems no doubt as to the effect. 

The use of postnatal glucocorticoids in very premature infants is controversial although dexamethasone reduces bronchopulmonary dysplasia, it has been associated with severe adverse effects (407). In 220 infants with a birth-weight of 501-1000 g randomized to placebo or dexamethasone (0.15 mg/kg/day for 3 days and tapering over a period of 7 days) the relative risk of death or chronic lung disease... 

Amin SB, Sinkin RA, McDermott MP, Kendig JW. Lipid intolerance in neonates receiving dexamethasone for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999 153(8) 795-800. 

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