Bronchial lavage fluid

Respiratory distress was noted in 2 workers exposed to greater than 40 ppm hydrogen sulfide for under 25 minutes (Spolyar 1951). In animals, impacts on the respiratory system such as increases in the cellularity and lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities of bronchial lavage fluids have been seen at exposures as low as 10 ppm for 4 hours (Lopez et al. 1987) although without a dose-related trend. 

In contradistinction to the decrease in lysosomal enzyme activity observed in alveolar macrophages and bronchial lavage fluid, Dillard et al. reported that continuous ozone exposure (0.70-0.79 ppm for 5-7 days) resulted in an increase in the activity of some lysosomal hydrolases in rat whole-lung homogenates and lung fractions, including the soluble supernatant. The tocopherol concentrations of the diet had no effect on the findings. 

CHAN-YEUNG, M., LERICHE, J., MACLEAN, L. LAM, S. (1988) Comparison of cellular and protein changes in bronchial lavage fluid of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with red cedar asthma on follow-up examination. Clinical Allergy 18, 359-365. 

Tillie-Lehlond 1, H Hammad, S Desurmont, J Pugin, B. WaUaert, AB Tonnel, P Gosset. 2000. CC chemokines and interleukin-5 in bronchial lavage fluid from patients with status asthmaticus. Potential implication in eosinophil recruitment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 586. 

More recently there has been an increased emphasis on air pollution since episodes of pollution have been correlated with increased morbidity and mortality in susceptible groups. Here EM coupled with image analysis and microanalytical techniques gives information at different levels in the pollution pathway (Table 4). The morphology and elemental composition of particles collected from ambient air can be identified and the number and composition of particles present in bronchial lavage fluids and in alveolar macrophages determined. The technique of EELS with its ability to differentiate between oxidative states of metals such as iron, and thus assist in determination of their hazard potential, has great potential in this area. 

AEP clinically presents as an acute febrile illness with dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, myalgias, and respiratory failure. In AEP, blood eosinophiha is often absent, but more than 25% eosinophils are found in the bronchial lavage fluid of these patients. CEP has an insidious onset with fever, malaise, weight loss, and dyspnea. About 90% of these patients suffer from asthmatic symp-... 

Chan-Yeung et al. (42) have compared the respiratory effects in mill workers versus office workers, and Vedal et al. (178, 179) have related this to duration of exposure to the wood. Lam et al. (99) have studied cellular and protein changes in bronchial lavage fluid following late asthmatic reaction in patients with red cedar asthma. 

Bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALE), cell number and differentiation Bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALE), cytokine levels (Luminex assay, ELISA)... 

Rat (Wistar) 90 d 7 d/wk 22 hr/d Resp 0.025 M (increased percentage of lymphocytes in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid) Glaser etal. 1985 Na2Cr2072H20 (VI)... 

In 17 patients aged over 18 years with severe acute community-acquired pneumonia trovafloxacin concentrations were persistently high in the sputum, bronchial secretions, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and epithelial lining fluid, with no significant difference between these compartments (16). The authors proposed that measurement of sputum concentrations could be used to monitor the outcome of treatment. 

Casale, T.B., Wood, D., Richerson, H.B., Trapp, S., Metzger, W.J., Zavala, D. and Hunninghake, G.W. (1987). Bron-choalveolar lavage fluid H levels in allergic asthmatics are associated with methachoUne bronchial hyperresponsiveness. J. Clin. Invest. 79, 1197-1203. 

Kelly, C.A., Stenton, S.C., Ward, C., Bird, G., Hendrick, D.J. and Walters, E.H. (1989). Lymphocyte subsets in bronchoal-veolar lavage fluid obtained from stable asthmatics and their correlations with bronchial responsiveness. Clin. Exp. Allergy 19, 169-175. 

Schmid M, Zimmermann S, Krug HF, Sures B (2007) Influence of platinum, palladium and rhodium as compared with cadmium, nickel and chromium on cell viability and oxidative stress in human bronchial epithelial cells. Environ Int 33 385-390 Shins RPF, Polat D, Begerow J, Turfeld M, Becker A, Borm PJA (2004) Platinum levels in nasal lavage fluid as a biomarker for traffic-related exposure and inflammation in children. Sci Total Environ 334/335 447-455... 

Thin fluid specimens (e.g. fine needle aspirations, ascitic fluids, bronchial lavages) may be concentrated by centrifugation, or diluted if very cellular, before being spread onto glass slides. Ctytospin preparations (Cytospin , Shandon Scientific Ltd.) may also be prepared these have the advantage of localizing the cells to an area of approximately 1 cm in diameter. 

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