British Standard Section

Boron compounds can be added in combination with other chemicals such as nitrogen and phosphorus. A solution containing sodium tripolyphosphate, boric acid, and ammonia provides a ready-to-use treatment on cellulose products such as plywood, fiberboard, and cardboard (87). The resulting products passed the British Standard 476, Section 6 (Fire Propagation test) Class 0 and Class I requirements of the British Standard Section 7 (Surface Spread of Flame). 

Properties of British Standard Sections, Publication No. 6, issued by The Engineering Standards Committee, Crosby Lockwood, London, 1904. 

BS EN ISO 5167-1 1997. Measurement of Fluid Flow by Means of Pressure Differential Devices Orifice Plates, Nozzles and Venturi Tubes Inserted in Circular Cross-section Conduits Running Full. British Standards Institution, 1997. 

In the case of the ASME codes for nuclear pressurised components, the questions of fatigue design and of flaw evaluation are dealt with separately in ASME Section III and Section XI Appendix A, respectively. The design S-A curve for machined butt welds typical of thick section pressurised components is set at a factor of two on stress range or twenty on cyclic life, whichever is more conservative, below the mean of S-N data developed on smooth cylindrical specimens in air. (A somewhat similar design curve obtained by a different method from experimental S-A data for machined butt welds is given in British Standard 5500.) These safety factors are intended to encompass any adverse influence of minor weld defects, size effects, data scatter and environment. As far as environmental effects are... 

The hardness and abrasion resistance of anodic coatings have never been easy properties to measure, but the development of a British Standard on hard anodising has made this essential. Film hardness is best measured by making microhardness indents on a cross-section of a film , but a minimum film thickness of 25 tm is required. For abrasion resistance measurements, a test based on a loaded abrasive wheel , which moves backwards and forwards over the film surface, has improved the sensitivity of such measurements. 

Extracts from the British Standards Packaging Code BS 1133, Section 7 1967 and Section 19 1968 quoted in this section are reproduced by permission of the British Standards Institution, 2, Park Street, London, WlA 2BS, from whom copies of the complete standard may be obtained. 

Certain British Standards, e.g. for galvanising or metal spraying", contain detailed sections on surface preparation. Others are concerned with acid pickling but the chief method of preparing iron and steel for a long-life protective system is by blast cleaning see Section 12.4). 

In this section, some of the important aspects of non-Newtonian behaviour will be quantified, and some of the simpler approximate equations of state will be discussed. An attempt has been made to standardise nomenclature in the British Standard, BS 511 8 1 i. 

Portable extinguishers and fire blankets are normally provided at strategic points in the work area. The range of application of portable extinguishers is summarized in Table 6.12. British Standard EN3 Part 5 requires all new extinguisher bodies to be red. A zone of colour above, or within, the section used to provide operating instructions may be used to identify the type of extinguisher. The colours used are ... 

In the United Kingdom all conventional pressure vessels for use in the chemical and allied industries will invariably be designed and fabricated according to the British Standard PD 5500 or the European Standard EN 13445 or an equivalent code such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers code Section VIII (the ASME code). The codes and standards cover design, materials of construction, fabrication (manufacture and... 

The equation given in the British Standard PD 5500 differs slightly from equation 13.40, as it is derived from the formula for thick-walled vessels see Section 13.15. 

Certificates issued by the British Board of Agrement (BBA) cover new or innovative construction products not covered by existing British Standards and Codes of Practice. These certificates, which are the result of assessment by BBA based on manufacturers information and on independent testing, also provide information on projected lifetimes. In future, under the European Construction Products Directive, product performance details including durability will be given on the label of each CE marked product. An example of how this is applied will be described in the next section. 

The cloud point is defined as the temperature at which a molten fat sample becomes cloudy, owing to the appearance of fat crystals, while being cooled. Versions of the test, which is a simple subjective one, are described in AOCS Official Method Cc 6-25 (Firestone, 1998) and in British Standard BS 684 Section 1.5 1987 (BSI, 1987). As supercooling is necessary to induce fat crystallization, the cloud point is always lower than the clear point (Kayle-gian and Lindsay, 1994). 

The British Standard method BS 684 Section 1.13 1976 (BSI, 1976d) is similar. However, the sample is deliberately stirred during the measurement in such a way that small fat crystals formed in the upper parts of the apparatus are carried down into the sample, where they act as crystallization nuclei. This causes crystallization to occur in the most stable polymorphic form, making the test more suitable than the IUPAC one for assessing the performance of fat in chocolate manufacture (Rossell, 1986). 

Standard methods for the determination of the critical temperatures are published by the AOCS (AOCS Official Methods Cc 9a 48 (smoke, flash and fire points by an open cup method), and Cc 9b-55 and Cc 9c 95 (flash point by open cup methods), Firestone, 1998) and by the British Standards Institution (BS 684 Section 1.8 1976 (smoke point), BSI, 1976b and BS 684-1.17 1998/ISO 15267 1998 (flashpoint by a closed cup method), BSI, 1998b). 

Semi-solid foods, such as soft butter and some cheeses, cannot be formed into samples capable of supporting their own weight. For such foods, compression testing takes the form of cone or die penetrometry, in which a cone, die, needle or sphere is made to penetrate the sample (held in a suitable container) either under constant load or at constant speed, and the penetration depth measured as a function of time. Standard methods for penetrometry of fats are published by the AOCS (AOCS Official Method Cc 16-60, Firestone, 1998) and the British Standards Institution (BS 684 Section 1.11 1976, BSI, 1976c). 

BSI 1976a. British Standard Methods of Analysis of Fats and Fatty Oils, Part 1. Physical Methods, Section 1.4. Determination of flow and drop points. British Standards Institution, London. 

British Standard BS 7755 (1998), Soil Quality, Part 5 Physical Method, Section 5.3 Determination of Particle Density, British Standards Institution, London. 

British Standard BS7413 1991 specifies the test method for PVC-U profiles based on the 900 welded section. The stress calculations use a simple plane bending theory... 

A standard method consists of a set of instructions about how to carry out a method issued by a national standards body. A national standards body is a standards body recognised at the national level - in the United Kingdom it is the British Standards Institution (BSI). The standard method will have undergone a process of public consultation with the aim of producing a clear, concise and complete method. The precision of the method will have been checked, e.g. by collaborative study (see Section 5.6). To prevent a proliferation of standard methods, a standard method may be issued by more than one body, e.g. BSI, ISO and CEN. 

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