Brazil comparisons

On a worldwide basis peanuts are one of the largest oilseed crops. In recent years there have been significant increases in the production of peanuts in Brazil. Comparisons of the cultivation of peanuts in different countries are given in Table II (230). 

The three single biggest producers were India, Brazil, and the United States, with 15.85, 12.6, and 7.24 x 10 kg, respectively. The average world market price for raw sucrose in 1994—1995 was 0.27/kg. A comparison of the price of sucrose and other sweeteners (qv) is given in Table 2. 

Haliclonacyclamine F (25), arenosclerin D (26), and arenosclerin E (27) have been recently isolated from the sponge Pachychalina alcaloidifera endemic in Brazil [26]. The alkaloids 25-27 were isolated from the cytotoxic, antibiotic, and antituberculosis MeOH crude extract of P. alcaloidifera by a series of separations on silica-gel and cyanopropyl-bonded silica-gel columns. The structures of compounds 25-27 were established by the same approach employed for the structural elucidation of haliclonacyclamine E (13) and arenosclerins A-C (14-16) [18], as well as by comparison with NMR data for this last series of alkaloids. The alkaloids 25-27 displayed moderate cytotoxic activity against SF295 (human CNS), MDA-MB435 (human breast), HCT8 (colon), and HL60 (leukemia) cancer cell lines. 

He then showed the comparison between electricity consumption and the gross national product. If the CNF grows faster, then the electricity consumption increases by a higher percentage then Che CNF. Experiences in ths United Kingdom, France, other countries of OFf.D, Brazil, Korea and some less developed countries are similar to (hose in the United Statca. 

Brazilian cement plants are relatively modem due to the country s more recent industrialization in comparison with many other countries. For example, the average energy consumption per tons of cement produced in Brazil is 112 kWh/t, while in the United States this is around 140 kWh/t. The efforts of companies in the sector have achieved significant progress in terms of more efficient production systems with lower energy consumption. At the same time, the use of additives mixed with clinker, such as blast furnace slag, also has helped reduce C02 emissions per tonne of cement, because this pollutant is formed during the production of clinker. 

Greist JH, Chouinard G, DuBoff E, et al Double-blind comparison of three doses of sertraline and placebo in the treatment of outpatients with OCD. 9th World Congress of Psychiatry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, June 1993a Greist JH, Chouinard G, DuBoff E, et al Long-term sertraline treatment of OCD. 

Sulfuric acid is a stronger acid than sulfurous [pAa(l) < 0, p7fa(2) = 1.99 at 25 °C and infinite dilution] rain as acidic as pH 2.1 has been recorded at Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire, and the pH of water droplets in clouds can be as low as 1.5 (for comparison, the pH of rainwater saturated with atmospheric CO2 is about 5.6 at 15 °C). Acid rain destroys building materials (especially marble), kills fish and vegetation, accelerates metallic corrosion (Sections 16.5 and 16.7), and can be directly harmful to humans (e.g., it causes the alligator skin condition reported in Cubatao, Brazil). Sulfate rain is not completely without redeeming features, as many soils (e.g., in southern Alberta, Canada) are sulfur-deficient. On balance, however, its acidity is unacceptable, and sulfur oxide emissions must be controlled at the source. Several control measures are possible ... 

Sinusoidal voltammetry (SV) is an EC detection technique that is very similar to fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, differing only in the use of a large-amplitude sine wave as the excitation waveform and analysis performed in the frequency domain. Selectivity is then improved by using not only the applied potential window but also the frequency spectrum generated [28]. Brazill s group has performed a comparison between both constant potential amperometry and sinusoidal voltammetry [98]. 

N. E. Hebert, W.G. Ruhr and S.A. Brazill, A microchip electrophoresis device with integrated electrochemical detection A direct comparison of constant potential amperometry and sinusoidal voltammetry, Anal. Chem., 75 (2003) 3301-3307. 

In an attempt to update the earlier studies on orange juice and to try to arrive at some quantitative values for a broad range of elements in Florida and other source juice samples, we undertook the analytical project described in the following discussion. Orange juice sources of primary interest to us were from Florida and Brazil but some values were obtained on juices from other locales, i.e., Mexico and California are included for comparison. 

J. A. McHard, J. F. Foulk, J. D. Winefordner, A comparison of the trace element content of Florida and Brazil orange juice, J. Agric. Food Chem., 27 (1979), 1326-1328. 

A comparison of these data with those of an Amazonian forest shows that the aerial biomass of the trees of a cerrado sensu stricto in central Brazil may be only 8 to 22% of that of an Amazonian forest, and the basal area only 10 to 26% (Table 5.3). This difference in biomass reflects directly on the nutrient pools in the biomass. A comparison of the data reported by Klinge et al. (1995) for the aboveground biomass and nutrient stock in two inundation forests in the Ilha de Marchantaria with the data for a cerrado sensu stricto from central Brazil (Silva 1990) illustrates how nutritionally poor the cerrado is in quantitative terms. The proportions of stock of essential nutrients in the tree biomass of cerrado are 7 to 16% for P, 1.7 to 4.6% for K, 0.83 to 3.09% for Ca, and 3.5 to 7.4% for Mg. Thus Ca, K, and Mg seem to be much more deficient in the cerrados than P. We have no corresponding data for the stock of nutrients in the root biomass of trees for comparison among the two ecosystems. This comparison is only illustrative of two specific sites. Estimates of aboveground biomass for the Amazonian forests may vary... 

Araiijo, G. M., and M. Haridasan. 1988. A comparison of the nutrient status of two forests on dystrophic and mesotrophic soils in the cerrado region of central Brazil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis... 

Table 6.1 Comparison of C inputs to soils at Fazenda Vitoria, Paragominas, Brazil.

Tucker, J. M., E. S. Brondizio, and E. F. Moran. 1998. Rates of forest regrowth in Eastern Amazonia a comparison of Altamira and Bragantina regions, Para State, Brazil. Interciencia 23(2) 64-73. 

The availability of tropospheric air samples from 55°N to 53°S latitudes obtained for halocarbon analysis [Makide and Rowland, 1981] has permitted an extension of our measurements of the world-wide distribution of trace atmospheric species to methane [Mayer et al., 1982]. Only about a doxen air samples were available for our initial latitudinal sequence in early 1978, but subsequent collections have provided much larger numbers of samples, as shown in Figures 5 and 6 for two collection periods during 1982 and 1983. From 1978-1981 most of our southern hemisphere sample collections were made at coastal sites in Brazil and Chile. However, comparisons were made of the relative latitudinal behavior of CHiCCh and CH4, based on the assumption that both are chiefly removed... 

Rudnick R. L., McDonough W. F., and Orpin A. (1994) Northern Tanzania peridotite xenoliths a comparison with Kapvaal peridotites and inferences on metasomatic reactions. In Kimberlites, Related Rocks and Mantle Xenoliths Vol. 1. Proc. 5th Int. Kimberlite Conf. (eds. Henry O. A. Meyer, Leonardosand Othon H). CRPM-Special Publication, Araxa, Brazil, vol. lA. pp. 336-353, Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerals, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 

Paterson S, Orrell S 1995 Treatment of biting lice (Damalinia equi) in 25 horses using 1 % selenium sulphide. Equine Veterinary Education 7 304-306 Pereira M C, Kohek I Jr, Campos R et al 1991 A field evaluation of antheimintics for control of cyathostomes of horses in Brazil. Veterinary Parasitoiogy 38 121-129 Perez R, Cabezas i, Garcia M et al 1999 Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of moxidectin (Equest ) and ivermectin (Eqvalan ) in horses. Journai of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 22 174-180... 

Kemp, Comparison of Particle Motion Correlations for Cascading Rotary Dryers, Drying 2004—Proceedings of the 14th International Drying Symposium (IDS 2004), Sao Paulo, Brazil, Aug. 22-25, 2004, vol. B., pp. 790-797. 

In contrast to many other countries, Brazil obtains a large proportion of its energy, up to 46%, from renewable sources, of which biomass and hydroelectricity are the most important (Figure 3). A comparison of these figures with those from the countries of the European Community and the rest of the world shows that Brazil is far ahead in its use of renewable sources for its energy requirements. 

The sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis is the vector of the protozoan parasite Leishmania chagasi, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in South and Central America. Population control of L. longipalpis is therefore of urgent importance to prevent the disease. In 1994, Hamilton and coworkers isolated the male-produced pheromone of L. longipalpis from Jacobina, Brazil, and proposed its structure as 3-methyl-a-himachalene (96, Figure 4.47) with unknown stereochemistry. We first synthesized ( R, 3R, 1 S )-( )-96.81 Enantiomer separation (optical resolution) of a synthetic intermediate enabled us to prepare both the enantiomers of 96, and their bioassay and GC comparisons with the natural pheromone showed the latter to be (lS,3S,lR)-96. 

King, L. C. (1957). A geomorphological comparison between eastern Brazil and Africa (central and southern). Geol. Soc. hond. Quart. J. 112, 445-474. 

Grieshop, C.M. G.C. Fahey, Jr. Comparison of quality characteristics of soybeans from Brazil, China, and the United States./, Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 2669-2673. 

Data on salt consumption in Brazil indicate an average intake of 16.76g/day per inhabitant, in 2000, with a rising trend (SENAl, 2001). If we estimate that 10% of this total is used for animal feeding and is wasted, a daily intake of 15.09 g of salt per person can be inferred (Brasil/Ministerio da Saude, 2005). In comparison with the average intake of salt in industrialized countries, which is 8-9g/day, salt intake in Brazil ranks among the highest worldwide (Intersalt/Cooperative Research Group, 1988). 

Much of the data compiled for soil degradation rates under field conditions has been taken from studies in the temperate zone. A useful comparison of soil degradation rates in the tropics has been provided by a study in Brazil carried out in the central western region, latitude 15°53 S where the mean annual temperature is 23°C. The dissipation of 10 different pesticides was monitored for 80 days under field conditions. The data was found to fit a biexponential decay model (r > 0.97) ... 

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