To produce motor

An example of the performance of a commercial unit on a 265/328° F. feed stock to produce motor gasoline is presented in Table III. The plant produced 101.2 to 105.6 volume % of 94.4 to 97.2 leaded research octane, 10-pound RVP gasoline (including 11.5 to 12.4 volume % Extraneous butanes). 

Case 5A uses moderate severity hydrotreating without further downstream cracking conversion to produce motor gasoline and No. 2 heating oil as shown in the alternate arrangement of Figure 8. This case was included to give some idea of the... 

Zeolites find major applications in catalysis. A form of the zeolite FAU is, for example, an active catalyst component in catalytic cracking of heavy hydrocarbons to produce motor gasoline and diesel. The catalyst activity arises from its Bronsted acidity, which in turn comes from the presence in the stmcture of protons attached to bridging oxygen atoms. Protons can be introduced by ion exchange of anunonium cations, followed by calcination to remove NH3 and generate the acid form of the zeolite. The process is more complex... 

In the early experiments that were made with water-gas mixtures in attempts to synthesize valuable organic liquids, methane apparently was the only product obtained until the effect of pressure was understood, after which the progress toward methanol synthesis was rapid. Aside from the work that had to do quite largely with the production of methane for the enrichment of water-gas or other low calorific value gaseous mixtures in countries without cheap oil, considerable attention has been paid to a study of the effects of various catalysts on the synthesis from the viewpoint of perfecting the methanol and higher alcohol syntheses. Processes have, at the same time, been proposed for the synthesis of liquid fuels from water-gas mixtures in an attempt to produce motor fuels from cheap coal. 

However, isomerization of virgin naphthas to produce motor fuel directly has the disadvantage that the octane numbers of equilibrium isomer mixtures is not very high. It becomes necessary, then, to effect a separation... 

Coal hydrogenation to produce motor fuels is not as yet economical, even after allowing credit for various by-product chemicals such as phencd, cresols, xylenols, toluene, xylenes, naphthalene, and liquified hydrocarbon gases. The immediate future of coal hydrogenation probably depends on the recent developments such as those of Union Carbide Chemicals Com-paiQT toward the production of hi yields of chemicals, although a large proportion of these consists of complex structures that are not well-known. 

Hydrierwerk selected Politz because it planned to hydrogenate mainly imported petroleum residues from Columbia and Aruba and some domestic coal, all of it shipped there by water. I.G. Farben had reached an agreement with Standard Oil and Royal Dutch-Shell to hydrogenate petroleum residues to produce motor gasoline, and in 1937 it established Hydro GmbH in Berlin and Hydrierwerk Politz AG to construct and operate the... 

Crude residual components (called resid) contain metals such as nickel and vanadium. These metals, especially the nickel, accumulate on the cracking plant zeolite catalyst. The nickel promotes hydrothermal reactions in the FCCU (or "Cat"). Such reactions preferentially produce low-value fuel gas and catalytic coke, consequently reducing the production of more valuable diesel oil and gasoline. Flence, black gas oil downgrades a refinery s ability to produce motor fuels. 

Czech Hans Tropsch (1839-1935), the process was invented to produce motor fuel in Germany during the Second World War. The process involves passing the reactants over a nickel or cobalt catalyst at 200 C. The general reaction is ... 

The majority of xylenes, which are mostly produced by catalytic reforming or petroleum fractions, ate used in motor gasoline (see Gasoline and other MOTORFUELs). The majority of the xylenes that are recovered for petrochemicals use are used to produce PX and OX. PX is the most important commercial isomer. Almost all of the PX is converted to terephthaUc acid and dimethylterephthalate, and then to poly(ethylene terephthalate) for ultimate use in fibers, films, and resins. 

The U.S. domestic capacity of ammonium perchlorate is roughly estimated at 31,250 t/yr. The actual production varies, based on the requirements for soHd propellants. The 1994 production ran at about 11,200 t/yr, 36% of name plate capacity. Environmental effects of the decomposition products, which result from using soHd rocket motors based on ammonium perchlorate-containing propellants, are expected to keep increasing pubHc pressure until consumption is reduced and alternatives are developed. The 1995 price of ammonium perchlorate is in the range of 1.05/kg. Approximately 450 t/yr of NH ClO -equivalent cell Hquor is sold to produce magnesium and lithium perchlorate for use in the production of batteries (113). Total U.S. domestic sales and exports for sodium perchlorate are about 900 t/yr. In 1995, a solution containing 64% NaClO was priced at ca 1.00/kg dry product was also available at 1.21/kg. 

Although benzene prices have escalated in recent years, a concurrent need for butenes for use in alkylates for motor fuel has also increased and butane prices have also escalated. As a result, a search for alternative feedstocks began and Amoco Chemical Co. commercialized a process in 1977 to produce maleic anhydride from butane. A plant in JoHet came on-stream in 1977 with a capacity of 27,000 t/yr (135,136). No new plants have been built in the United States based on butenes since the commercialization of butane to maleic anhydride technology. In Europe and particularly in Japan, however, where butane is in short supply and needs for butenes as alkylation feed are also much less, butenes may become the dominant feedstock (see Maleic anhydride). 

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