Brain metabolic role

THE MALATE-ASPARTATE SHUTTLE HAS A KEY ROLE IN BRAIN METABOLISM 541... 

The role of fatty acids as oxidizable fuels for brain metabolism is negligible, but ketone bodies, derived from fatty acid oxidation, can be utilized, particularly in the neonatal period. Diseases of carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism may affect the brain directly or indirectly [1,10]. 

Another indication of the difference between the metabolic roles of muscle, a consumer tissue and liver, a contributer tissue, is the enzyme glucose-6-phospha-tase. This enzyme is required for the production of neutral glucose. It is present in liver and kidney but not in strict consumer tissues, such as muscle and brain. Without glu-cose-6-phosphatase the glucose-6-phosphate cannot be converted to dephosphorylated glucose, which is necessary for... 

Copper is essential for some of the enzymes that have a role in brain metabolism. Sophisticated mechanisms balance copper import and export to ensure proper nutrient levels (homeostasis) while minimizing toxic effects. Several neurodegenerative diseases including AD are characterized by modified copper homeostasis. This change seems to contribute either directly or indirectly to increased oxidative stress, an important factor in neuronal toxicity. The association of misfolded proteins and modified copper homeostasis appears to be important in the pathological progression of AD [Donnelly et al., 2007],... 

Fillenz, M. The role of lactate in brain metabolism Neurochem. Int. 2005,47 413-417. 

In the literature dangerous for brain neurons effect of ROS was traditionally underestimated — one can believe that multi-step antioxidant system should provide reliable protection. Actually, antioxidants are able to remove toxic component of glutamate overloading and keep neurons viable. However, this point of view is under serious doubt because of both a multiple role of antioxidants in brain metabolism [1,38,52] and apparent absence of therapeutic effect of antioxidant protection [42]. 

G. Z. Feuerstein, T. Liu, and F. C. Barone, Cytokines, Inflammation, and Brain Injury Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor-a, Cerebrovascular Brain Metabolism Review, 6 (1994) 341-360,... 

Glutamate has a central role in brain metabolism, as well as being a transmitter and a precursor for GABA. It is therefore of interest to define and quantify the different glutamate pools. The size of these pools will differ from area to area and species to species (Fig. 3). 

Although it is possible to describe the clinicopatho-logical manifestations of pyridoxine deficiency and the metabolic role of pyridoxal phosphate, each pathological alteration cannot be explained by a specific metabolic alteration. Deficiency of a vitamin involved in several steps of the intermediary metabolism of amino acids is bound to be associated with severe clinicopath-ological changes, but the specific metabolic alterations responsible for the anemia and convulsions in pyridoxine deficiency have not been identified. y-Amino butyric acid, cystathione, sphingosine, and 5-hydroxy-tryptamine are compounds abundant in the brain. Pyridoxal phosphate is involved in their metabolic formation. Is there any correlation between the role of pyridoxal phosphate in the metabolism of these compounds and the development of convulsions and ataxia in pyridoxine deficiency Is the role of pyridoxine phosphate in the intermediary metabolism of sulfur amino acid related to the development of seborrheic dermatitis ... 

A review of the role of measurements of brain metabolite levels by H NMR in the classification of alcohol use disorders has been produeed. The use of H NMR for the assessment of foetal brain metabolism has also been reviewed. ... 

The exact role of adenosinetriphosphatase in muscle contraction is largely conjectural. Upon the hydrolysis of ATP heat is released, but how the energy of hydrolysis is converted to mechanical energy is not known. The function of the adenylpyrophosphatases in yeast and in brain metabolism has been treated by Meyerhof and his associates. 

---