Bottom solids and water

That portion of solids and aqueous solution in an emulsion that separates out on standing or is separated by centrifuging in a standardized test method. Basic sediment may contain emulsified oil as well. Also referred to as BS W, BSW , Bottom Settlings and Water, and Bottom Solids and Water. 

Bottom Solids and Water See Basic Sediment and Water. 

The crude-oil market demands that water in crudes from all these processes must be removed to a level of less than 0.5% BS W (bottoms, solids, and water) (2,3). In order to remain competitive, emulsions must be resolved economically. The available treatment options are mechanical, thermal, via electrotrea-tors (electrocoalescers), chemical, or a combination of physical and chemical methods. Chemical demulsifica-tion is one of the most economical means of dehydrating oil. 

Oil is produced in combination with water as an emulsion. Some fraction of the water separates easily, while a portion is emulsified and requires some chemical or mechanical processing. Specifications for oil quality for pipeline transportation vary but generally are on the order of less than 0.5% bottom solids and water (BSW), largely determined by water content. The BSW specification for pipeline quality oil is applied using a simple centrifugation test [6, 7],... 

BS W Bottoms, Sediment, and Water. This centrifuge method is used to measure the approximate amount of suspended solids and water in crude oil and petroleum products. 

In all bulk measurements of petroleum and especially of crude oil it is necessary to specify the gross concentration of solids and nonpetroleum liquids present. This is normally stated as percent bottom sediment and water (% BS W), and is determined by centrifuging of a representative sample. 

The coarse rapidly settling solids in the primary separation vessel are kept in motion by mechanical rakes at the bottom of the vessel and are drawn off from the bottom as a slurry (primary tailings). The tailings from the primary and secondary flotation processes are combined and transported to a tailings pond. Some of the supernatant water from the pond can be recycled into the process the remaining fine solids and water undergo a slow consolidation into sludge. 

Solids materials that are insoluble in hydrocarbon or water can be entrained in the crude. These are called bottom sediments and comprise fine particles of sand, drilling mud, rock such as feldspar and gypsum, metals in the form of minerals or in their free state such as iron, copper, lead, nickel, and vanadium. The latter can come from pipeline erosion, storage tanks, valves and piping systems, etc. whatever comes in contact with the crude oil. 

Place 25 g. of dry acetamide in a 350 ml. conical or flat-bottomed flask, and add 69 g. (23 ml.) of bromine (CAUTION ) a deep red liquid is produced. Cool the flask in ice water and add 10 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution (about 210 ml.) in small portions and with vigorous shaking until the solution acquires a pale yellow colour. At this stage the bromoacetamlde is present in the alkaline solution. If any solid should crystallise out, add a little water. 

Dissolve the solid in 700 ml. of water in a 1500 ml. round-bottomed flask, and add a solution of 88 ml. of concentrated sulphuric acid in about 200 ml. of water until the liquid has a distinct odour of sulphur dioxide sufficient heat will be liberated in the neutralisation to cause the solution to boil. Immediately steam distil the liquid (Fig. II, 40, 1 it is better to use the apparatus shown in Fig. II, 41, 3) until a sample of the distillate gives only a slight precipitate with bromine water. About 700 ml. of distillate should be collected. Saturate the steam distillate with salt, extract the dl with ether, dry the extract with a little anhydrous magnesium or calcium sulphate, distil oflF the ether (compare Fig. II, 13, 4, but with a 50 ml. Claisen flask replacing the distilling flask) and distil the residue under diminished pressure. Collect the p-cresol at 95-96°/15 mm. the colourless liquid solidifies to a white crystalline solid, m.p. 31°. The yield is 24 g. 

Add 10 ml. of concentrated sulphuric acid cautiously to 45 ml. of water contained in a 200 ml. round-bottomed flask, introduce 3 g. of Nylon 66 polymer into the hot solution, and heat under reflux for 6 hours. Allow to stand for 1 hour and cool in ice for a further hour. Filter off the solid and keep the filtrate. Recrystalhse the sohd (adipic acid) from water m.p. 152°. 

In a 3-I. round-bottomed flask 250 g. of commercial calcium hypochlorite is dissolved in i 1. of warm water and a warm solution of 175 g. of potassium carbonate and 50 g. of potassium hydroxide in 500 cc. of water is added. The flask is stoppered and shaken vigorously until the semi-solid gel which first forms become quite fluid. The suspended solid is removed by filtration on a large Buchner funnel, washed with 200 cc. of water, and sucked as dry as possible with the aid of a rubber dam and an efficient suction pump. The filtrate of approximately 1500 cc. is placed in a 3-I. round-bottomed flask and is ready for the addition of methyl /3-naphthyl ketone. 

The hot reaction mixture is poured with stirring over about 0.75 1. of crushed ice in a 2-1. beaker. The beaker is filled with water, and the mixture is stirred to dissolve inorganic salts (Note 5). The insoluble red-brown solid is collected on a suction filter. This crude product, even while damp, is transferred to a 2-1. round-bottomed flask, and 500 ml. of a mixture of 75% (375 ml.) of petroleum ether (b.p. 90-100°) and 25% (125 ml.) of benzene is added. The flask is provided with a reflux condenser, and the mixture is heated at reflux for 15 minutes by means of an electric mantle (Note 6). The resulting solution is decanted into a second 2-1. flask, leaving in the first flask some water and a red-brown solid residue. Po the slightly cooled liquor in the... 

In a 200-ml round-bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer and a thermometer is placed a mixture of 50 ml of di- -butyl ether and 25 ml of water. The flask is immersed in an ice bath and the mixture is cooled to 5°. In one portion is added 23.2 g (0.1 moles) of trichloroisocyanuric acid (Chapter 17, Section IV), and stirring in the ice bath is continued for 12 hours. The ice bath is removed and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for an additional 8 hours. The reaction mixture is then filtered to remove solids. The water is separated from the organic layer, which is then washed with two additional portions of water, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and fractionated as above. 

The cooling bath is then replaced by a steam bath, and the reaction mixture is refluxed for 16 hours. It is then cooled, transferred to a one-necked, 1-1., round-bottomed flask, and concentrated to dryness on a rotary evaporator. The dark residue is dissolved in a mixture of 200 ml. of water, 200 ml. of dichloromethane, and 20 ml. of triethylamine, and the aqueous phase is separated and washed with two 200-ml. portions of dichloromethane. The organic phases are combined and washed with 300 ml. of saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and filtered. Removal of the solvent on a rotary evaporator gives a red oil, which solidifies on storage at 0-5° (Note 5). Recrystallization of this solid from 40 ml. of absolute ethanol gives 7.6-8.4 g. (34-37%) of ethyl 4-amino-3-(methylthiomethyl)-benzoate, m.p. 83-85°. A second crop of l.l-2.5g. of crystalline material, m.p. 78-83°, may be obtained by concentration of the mother liquors (Note 6). 

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