Borrowed material

Credits and acknowledgments for materials borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the same page as the borrowed materials. 

Here s a suggestion that might help you avoid plagiarizing by accident. When you are drafting your essay and come to a spot in which you want to incorporate the ideas of someone else, think of the borrowed material as if it were in a window. Always frame the window at the top with some sort of introduction that identifies the author (or source) and frame the window on the bottom with a reference to the location of the material ... 

In a later draft, you ll probably want to vary your style so that all your borrowed material doesn t appear in exactly the same window format (see page 388 for suggestions). But until you acquire the habit of always documenting your sources, you might try using the window technique in your early drafts. 

Select an idea or a quotation from the passage and use it as support for a point of your own, being careful not to plagiarize the borrowed material. 

The decision to choose between additive stabilisation or mechanical stabilisation depends on the type of soil, the cost of the resulting material including transportation cost, availability and suitability of borrowed material and the availability of the required equipment. 

Statement of provisional engineering comments on such aspects as foundation conditions and which methods appears most appropriate for structural foundations and ground slabs, road pavement subgrade conditions, drainage, excavatability of soils and rocks, suitability of local borrow materials for use in construction, slope stability considerations, nature and extent of any remedial works, temporary problems during construction... 

An earth dam may be zoned or homogeneous, the former type being more common. A zoned dam is a rolled fill dam composed of several zones that increase in permeability from the core towards the outer slopes. The number of zones depends on the type and amount of borrow material available. Stability of a zoned dam is due mostly to the weight of the heavy outer zones. 

If there is only one type of borrow material readily available, a homogeneous embankment is constructed. In other words, homogeneous dams are constructed entirely or almost entirely of one type of material. The latter is usually fine-grained, although sand and sand-gravel mixtures have been used. 

The publishers have made every effort to trace copyright holders for borrowed material. If they have inadvertently overlooked any, they will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. 

A plain suction dredger requires a minimmn layer thickness of in-situ borrow material of at least 6 8 m as its production is a function of the depth of the pit it creates. 

Hydraulic fills are often used to reclaim land for large infrastructure projects such as airports, harbours, industrial and domestic areas and roads. The quality of the borrow material and construction methods are crucial for the quality of the end product. The end product or application will ask specific performance requirements and the characteristics of the fill mass will determine how well these performance criteria are met. 

Depression method. At locations where natural or artificial depressions exist, it is often possible to use them effectively for land-filling operations. Canyons, ravines, dty borrow pits, and quarries have oeen used for this purpose. The techniques to place and compact solid wastes in depression landfills vary with the geometiy of the site, the characteristics of the cover material, the hydrology and geology of the site, and access of the site. 

As with any constitutive theory, the particular forms of the constitutive functions must be constructed, and their parameters (material properties) must be evaluated for the particular materials whose response is to be predicted. In principle, they are to be evaluated from experimental data. Even when experimental data are available, it is often difficult to determine the functional forms of the constitutive functions, because data may be sparse or unavailable in important portions of the parameter space of interest. Micromechanical models of material deformation may be helpful in suggesting functional forms. Internal state variables are particularly useful in this regard, since they may often be connected directly to averages of micromechanical quantities. Often, forms of the constitutive functions are chosen for their mathematical or computational simplicity. When deformations are large, extrapolation of functions borrowed from small deformation theories can produce surprising and sometimes unfortunate results, due to the strong nonlinearities inherent in the kinematics of large deformations. The construction of adequate constitutive functions and their evaluation for particular... 

Most treatments, even when intended for materials scientists, of these competing forms of quantum-mechanical simplification are written in terms accessible only to mathematical physicists. Fortunately, a few translators , following in the tradition of William Hume-Rothery, have explained the essentials of the various approaches in simple terms, notably David Pettifor and Alan Cottrell (e.g., Cottrell 1998), from whom the formulation at the end of the preceding paragraph has been borrowed. 

The strength characteristics of composites with an anisodiametric filler depend heavily on the orientation of the reinforcements relative to the direction of load application. For fiber-filled materials this has been observed in a number of works (cf., e.g. [133,153-157]) illustration can be borrowed from [157] the data of which are presented as Table 3 below. 

We prepared our science advisors with training on how to interact effectively with teachers and students, and we developed an Education Resource Center where they could borrow both activity plans and equipment to help their teachers do interesting hands-on science activities in their classes. This resource center was stocked both with commercial educational materials, as well as selected surplus equipment. Computers turned out to be particularly popular items—we now loan out on an annual basis about 200 computers that are outmoded for our technical purposes, but that the schools are delighted to have. At the request of teachers, our science advisors have ended up doing many of the same things as the School Partnership participants. About 50% of them do at least some activities directly with students. Others provide help in understanding science content, coordinate access to the resource center, assist with science fairs, and provide support for teachers in a variety of other ways. 

For compacted, low-permeability soil liners, the U.S. EPA draft guidance recommends natural soil materials, such as clays and silts. However, soils amended or blended with different additives (e.g., lime, cement, bentonite clays, and borrow clays) may also meet the current selection criteria of low hydraulic conductivity, or permeability, and sufficient thickness to prevent hazardous constituent migration out of the landfill unit. Therefore, U.S. EPA does not exclude compacted soil liners that contain these amendments. Additional factors affecting the design and construction of CCLs include plasticity index (PI), Atterburg limits, grain sizes, clay mineralogy, and attenuation properties. 

In 1973 the companies specializing in the production of industrial chemicals and synthetic materials needed to raise about 6,000,000,000. It was expected that about 80% of that would be obtained from net income and depreciation charges. About 10% would be borrowed and the remaining 10%would come from the other categories.19... 

The most important thing to remember when you get off track is not to panic or throw in the towel. You can adjust your schedule to make up the lost time. You may need to reconsider some of your other commitments and see if you can borrow some time for studying. Or you may need to forego one of your planned review sessions to learn new material. You can always find a few extra minutes here and there for your review. 

Odds are that you will find more than enough materials for your needs as you use this chart for a guide. The nice thing about visiting libraries or unique institutions is that you get to see many rare, old, and invaluable materials that have not been scanned into the Internet or are not available on the Web. Even if these materials are difficult to locate or you cannot borrow them, it is important to see them so that you are as informed as possible about your topic. By visiting many libraries, you wiU often discover sources that others have overlooked. 

Often there is a borrowing of terms between metal-intense materials science and polymer-intense materials science where there is actually little relationship between the two. This is not the case with metal-matrix composites (MMCs). Although the materials are often different, there are a number of similarities. For polymer-intense composites, the matrix materials are organic polymers. For MMCs, the matrix materials are typically a metal or less likely an alloy. Popular metals include aluminum, copper, copper-alloys, magnesium, titanium, and superalloys. ... 

Other Capital Items Paid-up royalties and licenses are considered part of the capital investment since these are replacements for capitd to perform process research and development. The initial catalyst and chemical charge, especially for noble metal catalysts and/or in electrolytic processes, is a large amount. These materials are considered to have a hfe of 1 year. If funds must be borrowed for a new facility, then the interest on borrowed funds during the construction period is capitalized otherwise, the interest is part of the operating expense. 

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