Whose responsibility

The central question of this book is how can we best get management to improve its occupational health and safety performance But before we even begin to consider this question we need to explore the assumption inherent in it, namely that it is management which is responsible for worker health and safety. This is a controversial assumption. Were we to assume that workers are responsible for the illness and injuries which befall them we would be asking instead how can we best get workers to behave in less risky ways We need at the outset, therefore, to justify this assumption of managerial responsibility. Such is the purpose of this chapter. 

There are a number of perspectives on the causes of injury and illness which can be classified into two broad types those which locate the causes in the personal characteristics and behaviour of the workers themselves and those which locate the causes in the wider social, organisational or technological environment. The former type has often been described as blaming the victim for the sake of symmetry I shall term the latter, somewhat loosely, blaming the system . It is most important to understand that each perspective implies a strategy for combating illness and injury. If, for instance, one sees worker carelessness as the primary cause, then exhortation and education may be the appropriate policy responses. If, however, one notes the close association between 

While the policy of screening out employees at risk may seem 

Second, and more importantly, screening out workers prone to injury or illness is a discriminatory policy which runs the risk of seriously disadvantaging sections of the workforce. Such discrimination is now largely illegal (Johnstone 1993). 

In contrast to explanations which focus on individual worker characteristics are the accounts given in terms of the environment in which the work occurs and the systems of management or production. I discuss just a few of these in what follows. The list is not intended to be exhaustive. 

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Prepare a single multicomponent working standard from the stock standards by making appropriate dilutions with methanol. Concentrations in the working standards should be at such a level that a 20- xL sample added to 100 mL of water gives a calibration standard whose response for each trihalomethane is within 25% of that for the samples to be analyzed. 

Normally the user provides the nature of a probable earthquake in the form of RRS, i.e. acceleration characteristic curves, period versus spectral acceleration, such as those in Figure 14.18. The first objective is to generate a signal which should be able to produce a time history, on a shake table, whose response spectra match those of the RRS. 

As with any constitutive theory, the particular forms of the constitutive functions must be constructed, and their parameters (material properties) must be evaluated for the particular materials whose response is to be predicted. In principle, they are to be evaluated from experimental data. Even when experimental data are available, it is often difficult to determine the functional forms of the constitutive functions, because data may be sparse or unavailable in important portions of the parameter space of interest. Micromechanical models of material deformation may be helpful in suggesting functional forms. Internal state variables are particularly useful in this regard, since they may often be connected directly to averages of micromechanical quantities. Often, forms of the constitutive functions are chosen for their mathematical or computational simplicity. When deformations are large, extrapolation of functions borrowed from small deformation theories can produce surprising and sometimes unfortunate results, due to the strong nonlinearities inherent in the kinematics of large deformations. The construction of adequate constitutive functions and their evaluation for particular... 

However, these analogues are actually hypothetical. The reason for this is that it is nearly impossible to obtain optical measurement components, such as the source and the detector, whose response to light across the visible spectrum is flat (or nearly so). However, this is not an impossible task and we find that an excellent match can be obtained to the transmission functions of 7.8.21., i.e.-those of the Standard Observer. This is typical for commercially available instruments. Now, we have an instrument, called a Colorimeter, capable of measuring reflective color. 

Patients with mild exacerbations whose response to inhaled short-acting P2-agonists lasts less than 1 hour and patients with... 

Fig. 3.42 represents the symmetric bell shape curve of 7, i.e., the genuine fundamental harmonic ac polarogram, which means the curve of only 7F discriminated for 7C, e.g., by means of phase-selective ac polarography. The term "fundamental is related to the character of the polarographic cell as a non-linearized network whose response is not purely sinusoidal but consists of the sum of a series of sinusoidal signals at first harmonic (o>) response, besides that of the second harmonic (2a>), the third harmonic (3a>), etc. 

In the previously quoted paper, Horner and Hierold also treated the case of sensors whose response is ruled by a power law relationship between sensor response and analyte concentration. This is the case for... 

Ultimately, whose responsibility is the problem of the off-flavor, the cookie company or the packaging supplier ... 

The immune system of vertebrates is composed of a great number of interacting cellular and molecular species whose responsability is to detect, identify and destroy foreign invaders such as infective microorganisms and their concomitant macromolecular constituents [23]. 

We hope to demonstrate here that it may be the lawn itself Desire and diazi-non are demanded by lawns, if not by the grasses that constitute them. When the lawn needs cutting, when vwld mints or fungi rival its constituent species, when it becomes dry, its signals are apparent to homeowners, whose response is an act of subjection, not only to the lawn, but also to the ideology of community and the international economy of turf maintenance. 

Perhaps there are some members of the human population under assessment (a subpopulation, such as children, women of child-bearing age, people with compromised immune systems, etc.) whose response to a given dose falls well outside the normal range of population variability. How can their risks be assessed ... 

No fire brigade member reported to tbe fire pump bouse when tbe fire alarm sounded. Interviews suggest personnel were confused about whose responsibility it was to go to the fire pump bouse. Tbis may be training or drill issue. (Emergency planning and response)... 

Related to this are materials whose response to applied light varies according to the intensity of the applied light. This kind of behavior is referred to as nonlinear behavior. In general, polymers with whole-chain delocalization or large-area delocalization where electrons are optically excited may exhibit such nonlinear optical behavior. 

Parkinson s disease 100 mg twice/day when used alone. Onset of action is usually within 48 h. Initial dose is 100 mg/day for patients with serious associated medical illnesses or those receiving high doses of other antiparkinson drugs. After one to several weeks at 100 mg once/day, increase to 100 mg twice/day, if necessary. Patients whose responses are not optimal at 200 mg/day may occasionally benefit from an increase up to 400 mg/day in divided doses supervise closely. Patients initially benefiting from amantadine often experience decreased efficacy after a few months. Benefit may be regained by increasing to 300 mg/day, or by temporary discontinuation for several weeks. Other antiparkinson drugs may be necessary. 

The Company Secretary, whose responsibilities are fulfilled by the Secretariat Administrator, holds office for both the charity and its trading subsidiary (see Section 2.2.7.1 of The Cochrane Manual (www.cochrane.org/admin/manual.htm)). 

Spence ID. Drug interactions with grapefruit juice whose responsibility is it to warm the public . Chn Pharmacol Ther 1997 61(4) 395-400. 

There is an additional layer of complexity that increases the coupling further. As described above, the universe is external to the solute/solvent system. Perhaps the universe represents some collective normal mode(s) of the solute/solvent system, whose response is separable (or approximately so) from the local solvation of the solvent to the solute. In particular, this occurs when the solute/solvent system contains a large number of solute particles whose properties change as a function of their individual dynamics. In the limit of high enough solute concentrations, the collective (macroscopic) change of these solutes thus leads to a change in the solvation for each of them individually. 

This research will interest DoD policymakers involved in research and development, acquisition, and medical use policy related to defense against CBW agents producers of drugs and vaccines for military use, especially for CBW defense FDA officials whose responsibilities have been reordered by the events of September 11, 2001 officials in the Department of Health and Human Services and in the Department of Homeland Security and the interested public. 

Drug interactions can be based on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, or both ( 326). To fully appreciate the risk benefit ratio, any combination therapy requires extensive clinical experience. This is because most of the initial information is derived from well-controlled studies on carefully chosen patients, who clearly differ from chronically ill patients, whose response to a given treatment is influenced by multiple potential moderating problems such as ... 

The FID detector, for which the signal depends on the instantaneous mass flow, is essentially free from variations due to flow rate that can cause errors in detectors whose response is a function of the instantaneous molar concentration (Fig. 2.11). 

Phenol and Ni2+ ions are repellent.46-48 By what mechanism can a minuscule prokaryotic cell sense a concentration gradient It is known that the plasma membrane contains receptor proteins, whose response is linked to control of the flagella. Since the dimensions of a bacterium are so small, it would probably be impossible for them to sense the difference in concentration between one end and the other end of the cell. The chemotatic response apparently results from the fact that a bacterium swims for a relatively long time without tumbling when it senses that the concentration of the attractant is increasing with time. When it swims in the opposite direction and the concentration of attractant decreases, it tumbles sooner.49... 

Cetuximab is indicated for the treatment of head, neck and colorectal cancers, and in combination with radiation therapy it is used for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma (locally or regionally advanced) of the head and neck. However, in patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck whose response to the previous platinum-based therapy has not been positive, it is not given in combination with radiation therapy and is administered alone. Generally, a dose of 400 mg/m2 is initially administered in combination with radiation therapy followed by a maintenance dose of 250 mg/m2 and is administered 1 h... 

Enfuvirtide requires parenteral administration, and the peak levels are reached in about 4 h. Its bioavailability is 84%, and the drug is 92% protein-bound in plasma. Its half-life is 3.8 h, and enfuvirtide is metabolized in liver, which is not at significant levels. Enfuvirtide is approved for the treatment of HIV in patients whose response to antiretroviral therapeutic regimen is not satisfactory, and there is indication that HIV is still replicating. 

The location of the sites is also important from the point of view of the operational characteristics. Sensors whose response depends on bulk interactions are based on the partitioning process, which is governed by the Gibbs equation (A.20). For a two-phase equilibrium this is... 

Figure 4.2 Weights for monochromatic primaries located at 620 nm, 530 nm, and 400 nm for an observer whose response characteristics are described by the absorbance curves of the retinal curves as measured by Dartnall et al. (1983).

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