Estuaries pollutant

Daryoush K, Ismail A (2012) Acute toxicity test of Zn, on Java medaka (Oryzias javanicus) fish as an indicator of estuary pollution. Sci Res Essays 7 3302-3306... 

Roose P, Brinkman UAT (2005) Monitoring organic microcontaminants in the marine environment principles, programmes and progress. Trac Trends Anal Chem 24 897-926 Ruiz Y, Suarez P, Alonso A, Longo E, ViUaverde A, Juan FS (2011) Environmental quality of mussel farms in the Vigo estuary pollution by PAHs, origin and effects on reproduction. Environ PoUut 159 250-265... 

Enormous amounts of waste dumped into water systems are degrading water quality and causing increased human health problems. In assessing this pollution, there are two distinct problem areas. The first, and worst, is in marine estuaries and associated coastal waters. As fewer and fewer alternatives remain for land disposal, wastes are finding their way more often into water. The second area consists of the oceans themselves, tiltliough it is believed tliat currently not much of a problem exists, because relatively little waste is dumped... 

A water body is considered to be a one-diiuensional estuary when it is subjected to tidal reversals (i.e., reversals in direction of tlie water quality parameter are dominant). Since the describing (differential) equations for the distribution of eitlier reactive or conserv ative (nomciictive) pollutants are linear, second-order equations, tlie principle of superposition discussed previously also applies to estuaries. The principal additional parameter introduced in the describing equation is a tid il dispersion coefficient E. Methods for estimating this tidiil coefficient are provided by Thomaim and Mueller... 

Hydrogen sulphide This is produced by the putrefaction of organic sulphur compounds or by the action of sulphate-reducing bacteria in anaerobic conditions (e.g. in polluted river estuaries). It is fairly rapidly oxidised to SOj and concentrations are considerably lower than those of (Table 2.6). Nevertheless it is responsible for the tarnishing of copper and silver at normal atmospheric concentrations. 

Ocean prevents eutrophication. Much more water flows into the Mediterranean Sea than is required to replace evaporation from it. The excess, high salinity water exits Gibraltar below the water flowing in af fhe surface. Nufrients that enter the Mediterranean Sea from pollution sources are utilized by marine phytoplankton that sinks and exits with the outflow. Another example is that estuaries often have lower salinity or even freshwater at the surface with a denser saline layer at the bottom. An estuarine circulation occurs with nutrients being trapped in the saline bottom water. 

Fianko JR, Osae S, Adomako D, Adotey DK, Serfor-Armah Y (2007) Assessment of heavy metal pollution of the iture estuary in the central region of Ghana. Environ Monit Assess 131 467... 

Thomas KV, Hilton MJ (2004) The occurrence of selected human pharmaceutical compounds in UK estuaries. Mar Pollut Bull 49 436 144... 

Effluent containing methyl parathion may not be discharged into lakes, streams, ponds, estuaries, oceans, or public waters unless the compound is specifically identified in a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. Moreover, discharge of effluent that contains methyl parathion is forbidden without prior notice to the sewage treatment plant authority (NPIRS 1986). 

Rees, H.L., Waldock, R., and Matthiessen, P. et al. (2001). Improvements in the epifauna of the Crouch Estuary (United Kingdom) following a decline in TBT concentrations. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42, 137-144. 

Bradley SB, Clapham P. 1998. Contemporary flux of radionuclides to contaminated saltmarshes in the Esk Estuary, Cumbria. Water Air Soil Pollut 107 175-184. 

To overcome the suppression effect of amines in the determination of ammonia, Hampson [56] investigated the effect of nitrite ions added either as nitrite or as nitrous acid. Figure 5.2 indicates that very considerable suppression by nitrite does occur, although it is not as strong as with any of the amines. Again, it is not great so long as the nitrite N concentration is less than the ammonia N concentration, but rapidly increases as the nitrite concentration exceeds the ammonia concentration. In fact, the nitrite modified method was found to be satisfactory in open seawater samples and polluted estuary waters. 

Luo X-J, Chen S-J, Mai B-X, Yang Q-S, Sheng G-Y, Fu J-M (2006) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in suspended particulate matter and sediments from the Pearl River Estuary and adjacent coastal areas, China. Environ Pollut 139(1) 9—20... 

Burgess RM, Terletskaya AV, Milyukin MV et al (2009) Concentration and distribution of hydrophobic organic contaminants and metals in the estuaries of Ukraine. Mar Pollut Bull 58 1103-1115... 

Methylgermanium species also behave conservatively in estuaries. As with the oceans, concentrations vary directly with salinity, concentrations being very low in freshwaters, whether or not the river is polluted. Again, it appears that estuarine processes do not methylate or demethylate germanium species9. 

Butterworth, J., P. Lester, and G. Nickless. 1972. Distribution of heavy metals in the Severn Estuary. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 3 72-74. 

Hardisty, M.W., S. Kartar, and M. Sainsbury. 1974. Dietary habits and heavy metal concentrations in fish from the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 5 61-63. 

Watling, H.R. and R.J. Watling. 1976. Trace metals in oysters from Knysna Estuary. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 7 45-48. 

Wiemeyer, S.N., T.G. Lamont, and L.N. Locke. 1980. Residues of environmental pollutants and necropsy data for eastern United States ospreys, 1964-1973. Estuaries 3 155-167. 

Bryan, G.W. and W.J. Langston. 1992. Bioavailability, accumulation and effects of heavy metals in sediments with special reference to United Kingdom estuaries a review. Environ. Pollut. 76 89-131. 

Ozoh, P.T.E. 1992c. The importance of adult Hediste (Nereis) diversicolor in managing heavy metal pollution in shores and estuaries. Environ. Monitor. Assess. 21 165-171. 

Bull, K.R., W.J. Avery, P. Freestone, J.R. Hall, D. Osborn, A.S. Cooke, and T. Stowe. 1983. Alkyl lead pollution and bird mortalities on the Mersey estuary, UK, 1979-1981. Environ. Pollut. 31A 239-259. 

Leah, R.T., S.J. Evans, and M.S. Johnson. 1992. Mercury in flounder (Platichthys flesus L.) from estuaries and coastal waters of the north-east Irish Sea. Environ, Pollut. 75 317-322. 

Saiz-Salinas, J.I., J.M. Ruiz, and G. Frances-Zubillaga. 1996. Heavy metal levels in intertidal sediments and biota from the Bidasoa estuary. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 32 69-71. 

Scoullos, M., M. Dassenakis, and C. Zeri. 1996. Trace metal behaviour during summer in a stratified Mediterranean system the Louros estuary (Greece). Water Air Soil Pollut. 88 269-295. 

Stronkhorst, J. 1992. Trends in pollutants in blue mussel Mytilus edulis and flounder Platichthys flesus from two Dutch estuaries, 1985-1990. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 24 250-258. 

In the Fal estuary, England, long-term metal pollution over the past 120 years has resulted in zinc sediment levels between 679 and 1780 mg/kg DW, producing benthic communities that favor zinc-tolerant organisms, such as oysters and nereid polychaetes, and a general impoverishment of mussels, cockles, other polychaetes, and gastropods (Bryan et al. 1987). 

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