Flight behavior

Udayagiri, S. and Jones, R. L. (1992a). Flight behavior of Macrocentrus grandii Goidanich (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a specialist parasitoid of European corn borer (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) factors influencing response to corn volatiles. 

Elkinton, J. S. and Card6, R. T. (1983). Appetitive flight behavior of male gypsy moths (Lepidoptera Lymantriidae). Environmental Entomology 12 1702-1707. 

Vickers, N. J., Christensen, T. A., Mustaparta, H. and Baker, T.C. (1991). Chemical communication in heliothine moths. III. Flight behavior of male Heliocoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens in response to varying ratios of intra- and interspecific sex pheromone components. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 169 275-280. 

The following section reviews structures of pheromones that are biosynthesized from propanoate or clearly result from a mixed propanoate/acetate (methylmalonate/malonate) sequence. Several compounds showing corresponding carbon skeletons are known from various insect taxa, especially from ants and beetles.1 As some important stored-product pests use compounds like P7, P8, or Pll (see below), efforts have been made to use such compounds in IPM. Consequently, investigations covered (flight)behavior of the insects in the presence of pheromones and host odors771-773 as well as longevity, pheromone production, and... 

This specificity for the female released blend and ratio of components is controlled by two prominent threshold effects on male flight behavior, one affecting plume orientation and the other sustained upwind flight (8,9). 

Effects of Agonists on Pheromone-Mediated Flight Behavior... 

Krause, J., and Godin, J. G. J., 1996, Influence of prey foraging posture on flight behavior and predation risk predators take advantage of unwary prey, Behav. Ecol 7 264-271. 

The purpose of the current contribution is to introduce some of the chemical features of odors and how the physical environment shapes the distribution of odor molecules in time and space. The mechanisms underlying male moth flight behavior will be presented and recent advances and understanding stemming from manipulations of the chemical and physical features of odor plumes will be discussed. 

EFFECTS OF MANIPULATION OF CHEMICAL FEATURES OF THE PHEROMONE ON MOTH FLIGHT BEHAVIOR... 

Arbas, E.A., Willis, M.A. Kanzaki, R. 1993. Organization of goal-oriented locomotion Pheromone-modulated flight behavior of moths. In Biological Neural Networks in Invertebrate Neuroethology and Robotics (Ed. by R.D. Beer, R.E. Ritzmann and T. McKenna), pp 159—198. San Diego Academic Press. 

Witzgall, R Am, H. 1990. Direct measurement of the flight behavior of male moths to calling females and synthetic sex pheromones. Zeit. Naturfor. 45c 1067—1069. 

The higher activity early in the observation periods was considered to be flight behavior. This response was probably refuge seeking behavior that would normally occur... 

Designing a micromechanical flyer, a device with maximum dimensions of 25 mm and a mass of 100 mg, for example, is a challenge on many fronts— aerodynamics, actuation, transmission, power supply, sensing, control algorithms, compact low-power electronics, and flight behavior. As far as I know, no flyer smaller than the Caltech microbat has flown freely. Only the 10-gram Caltech microbat omithopter (Figure 1) has flown under its own power with passive stabilization. 

Very little work has been done on the rate of pheromone adsorption and reentrainment by vegetation and other objects in nature. Various studies have documented reduced trap catch of insects to pheromones in heavy vegetation. These results, however, may have easily been caused by disruption of the flight behavior by the vegetation rather than pheromone adsorption. Adsorption to vegetation may be substantial (Wall et aL, 1981). 

Hagaman, T. E. and Carde, R. T. (1983) Effect of pheromone concentration on the organization of pre-flight behaviors of the male gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). /. Chem. Ecol. (in press). 

Kidd, N. A. C. (1977) The influence of population density on the flight behavior of the lime aphid, Eucallipterus tiliae. Ent. exp. appl., 22, 251-61. 

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