Pheromone males

Although not studied extensively, males of social hymenoptera certainly produce pheromones. Male ants produce aggregation pheromones that attract both sexes to mating areas [6] as well as cause virgin alates to disperse from their colony [ 6 ]. However, these have not been chemically elucidated. 

The asopine bug Tynacantha marginata represents a case in point of the premature designation of insect-produced compounds as pheromones. Males of this species produce a novel tricyclic sesquiterpenoid 48 from their pheromone gland , which has been designated as a putative sex pheromone [64], apparently on the basis that it is produced only by males. No assessment of the biological activity of crude extracts from the bugs, the purified compound from the bugs, or the synthetic compounds (see below) has been reported in the primary literature. 

If odor-evoked slow temporal patterns actually provide higher brain centers with information about the odor quality, identification and discrimination cannot be instantaneous as many of the temporal features in the response profiles appear late or even after offset of odor exposure. Honeybees need 500 ms for a response to (non-sexual pheromone) odors but at least 1 second of stimulation is required for a correct discrimination (J. Klein, unpublished, cited in Galizia el al., 2000a). Thus, it appears that time is an important factor in discrimination tasks involving non-pheromonal odors and the slow temporal patterns could theoretically contribute to an olfactory code. In contrast, these temporal patterns would be too slow to encode information about sexual pheromones. Male moths, for example, must be able to respond to rapid changes in stimulus intermittency when moving upwind in pheromone plumes in search of a calling female. 

Territorial Pheromones. Males of many species of bumblebees mark selected sites with labial gland products that attract both males and females. These territorial mating spots are "perfumed" with a wide variety of acyclic compounds that appear... 

The complex relationship between certain genera of butterflies belonging to the nymphalid subfamilies Danainae and Ithomiinae, and pyrrolizidine alkaloid containing plants has been discussed. As well as using alkaloids as precursors of pheromones, male butterflies are believed to use pyrrolizidine alkaloids to produce compounds used for territory marking (see above). 

Female tiger moths signify their presence to male moths by giving off a sex attractant (pheromone) The sex attractant has been isolated and found to be a 2 methyl branched alkane having a molecular weight of 254 What is this material... 

Functional group transformations of epoxides rank among the fundamental reactions of organic chemistry and epoxides are commonplace natural products The female gypsy moth for example attracts the male by emittmg an epoxide known as disparlure On detechng the presence of this pheromone the male follows the scent to its ongm and mates with the female... 

Ethyl cinnamate (one of the constituents of the sex pheromone of the male onental fmit moth)... 

Z)-9-Tricosene [(Z)-CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)i2CH3] is the sex pheromone of the female housefly. Synthetic (Z)-9-tricosene is used as bait to lure male flies to traps that contain insecticide. Using acetylene and alcohols of your choice as starting materials, along with any necessary inorganic reagents, show how you could prepare (Z)-9-tricosene. 

The production of a female-influencing secretion from the chin gland of male Plethodontid salamander (P. jordani) points to a similar extension of function by the acquisition of female olfactory sensitivity to an intercellular signal protein. Female receptivity is enhanced by a male cytokine-like compound of the interleukin-6 family, in its released form. Rollman et al. (1999) note that pheromonal activity is a previously unrecognised function for cytokines. 

In rabbits, the as yet unidentified maternal signal during lactation has analogous properties in guiding the reliable orientation of suckling, mainly via MOS input (Hudson and Distel, 1986 Schaal et al., unpubl.). Minor fractions may still function as flag contributors, exemplified by the attractiveness of proestrous elephant urine. Male responses show that intact urine is conspicuously more attractive in comparison with the pure insect mammal pheromone (9.) presented in water (Rasmussen et al., 1996). 

Barkley M., DeLeon D. and Weste R. (1993). Pheromonal regulation of the mouse estrous cycle by a heterogenotypic male. J Exp Zool 265, 558-566. 

Brennan P., Schellinck H. and Keverne E.B. (1999). Patterns of expression of the immediate-early gene egr-1 in the accessory olfactory bulb of female mice exposed to pheromonal constituents of male urine. Neurosci 90, 1463-1470. 

Bronson F., Singer A. and Macrides F. (1988). Chemical properties of a female mouse pheromone that stimulates gonadotrophin secretion in males. Biol Reprod 38, 193-199. 

Cooper W.E. Jr. (1995). Effects of estrogen and male head coloration on chemosensory investigation of female cloacal pheromones by male broad-headed skinks (Eumeces laticeps). Physiol Behav 58, 1221-1225. 

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