Body Applications

The traditional uni-body construction method consists of stamped steel body panels spot-welded together (often described as body-in-white ) to which stamped steel fenders, doors, hood, and deck lid are bolted. 

Sealants and adhesives are used widely in automotive applications. One of the advantages of an automotive production line is that the high-temperature (160-205 °C) paint bake ovens can be used to cure the adhesives and sealants. 

Sealants are used for all the joints. In the automotive body context, a sealant is any organic material used to prevent air, dust, water or noise from entering the vehicle and to prevent corrosion of the joints. 

Important properties of sealants inclnde good adhesion to steel, flexibility to withstand constant motion in a vehicle, and good environmental resistance (including heat and cold, and road salt). 

Several technologies are nsed for body-in-white joint sealing and nnderbody seals. These inclnde vinyl plastisols, sprayable PVC, butyl rubber, PP oxide. 

---

Tarantola, G., Zito, F. and Gerundini, P. PET instrumentation and reconstruction algorithms in whole-body applications. /. Nucl. Med. 44 756-769, 2003. 

A special attribute of these processes is the ability to pre-position reinforcement, inserts, and core materials for stiffening ribs. Gel coatings can be applied to the mold surface to eliminate post-mold finishing. Because both surfaces of the part are formed in a mold to dose tolerances, accurate assemblies are possible, which is a requirement for many automotive or truck body applications. 

Useful applications have been found lor the varied effects of these crystal changes. One of the first came from the properly of selectively reflecting visible light because this is lempcraiurv-dependent. the property can be used as a temperature detector, and in gel lurm liquid crystals have been used lor the early detection of those cancers which cause hot spots in the body. Applications of the smectic modifications arise from their ferroelectric properties this phase can function as a fast-switching light-valve device with memory. This kind of application requires some... 

Magnetic biomaterials have different constraints than materials used for other applications. In vivo (in the body) applications require strict biocompatibility. In vitro (outside of the body) applications have less strict requirements, but techniques involving living cells still must consider the effect of the materials on the sample under study. In addition to biocompatibility, materials must be capable of being functionalized with one or more molecules, must retain their magnetic properties for a reasonable period of time in aqueous media with varying pH, must not be cleared too quickly from the bloodstream, and must form stable, non-aggregating dispersions [12, 13]. 

Mezey, P.G. (1991c). The Degree of Similarity of Three-Dimensional Bodies Application to Molecular Shape Analysis. J.Math.Chem., 7, 39-49. 

Pulmonary edema has been reported after lindane powder was aspirated into the lungs. An acute dermal poisoning of a 2-month-old infant exposed to a whole body application of 1% y-HCH lotion resulted in death. 

GM recently put into production a new nanocomposite made from thermoplastic olefin with a clay filler. Only about 2 percent clay is used, compared with 20 to 30 percent talc in the composite material it replaces. Two advantages of this new nanocomposite are that it is both light-weight and recyclable. Presently, this nanocomposite is used in the step assist for the full-sized van, but a future goal is to use it in body applications such as vertical and horizontal panels. 

This material has a number of advantages for external body applications. (Table 8)... 

B. Skin absorption is a significant route of exposure, especially with aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin. Extensive or repeated (as little as 2 applications on 2 successive days) whole-body application of lindane to infants has resulted in seizures and death. 

In this respect, (thermoset) plastics composites with discontinuous fibre products are already mostly used in the car body applications, where polyester/E-glass is predominating (mostly because of polyesters, economy, ease of processability and reasonable mechanical properties provided), followed by use of phenolics (when fire retardance is required, in friction linings and engine compartments), and epoxies. Replacement by carbon or aramid fibre reinforcements can reduce body mass by 40% (compared to steel) and with more added strength, but the cost is unfavourable at the moment, as mentioned previously [12, 13]. 

Polycarbonate (PC) 15-40 Automotive exterior body applications (i.e.. fascia and side cladding parts) Improved weld-line strength Improved flex modulus Low CLTE Improved siuface appearance... 

Researchers from Bayer [44] developed Durethan grades of PA specifically for use in the water injection moulding process. No hydrolytic degradation takes place when the hot melt comes into contact with water. These particular grades are particularly resistant to conventional engineering coolants and, thus, are used in applications in automotive under body applications. 

PEI (10%) Cooling fans, gears, automotive under body applications and fuel systems... 

PPS (40%) Automotive under body applications [59], parts exposed to oil, petrol and hydraulic fluids, pumps, valves, precision engineering parts and exhaust emission control... 

PSU (10-30%) Pumps, valves, petrochemical industry and automotive under body applications... 

PES (30%) Automotive under body applications, gear box parts, air ducting and car heater fans... 

Topical carmustine has been used for the treatment of mycosis fiingoides, lymphomatoid papulosis and parapsoriasis en plaques. Zackheim (1994) reported their experience of 172 patients with patch-plaque-stage mycosis fungoides treated with topical i,3-bis(2-chlo-roethyl)-i-nitrosourea solution. Complete blood counts were determined once each month during treatment. Mild, reversible myelosuppression occurred in less than 10% of patients using 20 mg/day total-body application and was rare in those using 10 mg/ day. 

Advancements in materitJs have been one of the most important factors in the development of corrosion-resistant automobiles. For automobile body and chassis parts, use of precoated sheet steel in critical areas, as demonstrated in Fig. 5, is one of the most effective methods of combating corrosion. Early on, hot dip gttlvanized steel and Zincro-metal coated steel were used to prevent perforation corrosion from the inside out in auto-body applications. Today a wide range of materi tls is used including hot dip and electrodeposited zinc, zinc-iron, zinc-nickel, and zinc-nickel/ organic composite coated steel. Other materials include aluminum and aluminum-zinc coated steels for exhaust systems and some structural components, teme (tin-lead) coated steel for fiiel tanks, and tin coated steel [23-25],... 

A 148 MT 30 - mineral reinforced (car body applications, especially for large paintable parts, such as spoilers, radiator grilles, and wheel trims)... 

However, aU the previously mentioned investigations have had limited scope. This scope includes the observation that the sensors, actuators, electronics, printed circuit boards (PCBs) and conductive paths are on the same side of the fabric (see Eigure 7.10). However, when embroidery is used, especially in near-body applications,... 

Glowinski R, Pan TW, Hesla Tl, Joseph DD, Periaux J (2001) A fictitious domtiin approach to the direct numerical simulation of incompressible viscous flow past moving rigid bodies application to particulate flow. J Comput Phys 169 363—426... 

---