Blood syndrome

Sokol, R.J., Martier, S. and Emhart, C.B. (1985). Identification of alcohol abuse in the prenatal clinic. In Early Identification of Alcohol Abuse. NIAAA Research Monograph-17, NIAAA Wesenberg, R.L. (1978). Neonatal thick blood" syndrome. Hosp. Pract., May, 137-145 Wibberley, D.G., Khera, A.K., Edwards, J.H. and Rushton, D.I. (1977). Lead levels in human placentae from normal and malformed births. ]. Med. Genet., 14, 339-345 Wirth, F.H., Goldberg, K.E. and Lubchenco, L.O. (1979). Neonatal hyperviscosity I. Incidence. Pediatrics, 63, 833-836... 

FRACTIONATION,BLOOD - PLASMAFRACTIONATION] (Volll) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)... 

Blood dyscrasias are quite uncommon, but if they occur may be serious enough to cause discontinuance of the therapy. Both topical and systemic adrninistration of sulfas can cause hypersensitivity reactions, such as urticaria, exfoHative dermatitis, photosensiti2ation, erythema nodosum, and in its most severe form, erythema multiformexudativum. (Stevens-Johnson syndrome). In general, however, use of sulfonamide therapy is considered relatively safe. 

In 1983 the move to develop red cell substitutes intensified when it was recognized that the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) could be transmitted by the blood-bome human immunodeficiency vims (HIV). Concern for the nation s blood supply followed. Since that time other retrovimses have been identified, efforts to screen blood not only for these agents but also for vimses that cause hepatitis have intensified, the indications for transfusion have been reevaluated, and the use of blood products has become much more efficient. More carehil screening of donors, testing of all donated units, and a general awareness in the donor population have all contributed to a decreased risk from transfusion-contracted AIDS. 

Raynaud s syndrome Diminished blood flow or loss of blood to the fingers, caused by vibration, also known as white or dead finger. 

A number of rare genetic diseases involve collagen abnormalities, including Marfan s syndrome and the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, which result in hyperextensible joints and skin. The formation of atheroselerotie plaques, which cause arterial blockages in advanced stages, is due in part to the abnormal formation of collagenous structures in blood vessels. 

Platelet activating factor (PAF) was first identified by its ability (at low levels) to cause platelet aggregation and dilation of blood vessels, but it is now known to be a potent mediator in inflammation, allergic responses, and shock. PAF effects are observed at tissue concentrations as low as 10 M. PAF causes a dramatic inflammation of air passages and induces asthma-like symptoms in laboratory animals. Toxic-shock syndrome occurs when fragments of destroyed bacteria act as toxins and induce the synthesis of PAF. This results in a drop in blood pressure and a reduced... 

Acute coronary syndromes most often result from a physical disruption of the fibrous cap, either frank cap fracture or superficial endothelial erosion, allowing the blood to make contact with the thrombogenic material in the lipid core or the subendothelial region of the intima. This contact initiates the formation of a thrombus, which can lead to a sudden and dramatic blockade of blood flow through the affected artery. If the thrombus is nonocclusive or transient, it may either be clinically silent or manifest as symptoms characteristic of unstable angina. Importantly, if collateral vessels have previously formed, for example, due to chronic ischemia produced by multi vessel disease, even total occlusion of one coronary artery may not lead to an acute myocardial infarction. 

The relevance of clinical conditions with chronic low blood pressure or hypotension has been questioned, with the exception of a few rare clinical syndromes. Temporary increases or decreases of blood pressure are often seen in clinical medicine in the context of acute illnesses or interventions. 

Hyperaldosteronism is a syndrome caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone. It is characterized by renal loss of potassium. Sodium reabsorption in the kidney is increased and accompanied by an increase in extracellular fluid. Clinically, an increased blood pressure (hypertension) is observed. Primary hyperaldosteronism is caused by aldosterone-producing, benign adrenal tumors (Conn s syndrome). Secondary hyperaldosteronism is caused by activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Various dtugs, in particular diuretics, cause or exaggerate secondary peadosteronism. 

Irritable bowel syndrome (DBS) is an exceedingly common condition in all societies, characterized by abdominal discomfort or pain in association with altered bowel habit or incomplete stool evacuation, bloating and constipation or diarrhoea, easily go undetected and do not show up with common tests such as blood tests or x-rays. The estimated prevalence in the community is about 10%. Irritable bowel syndrome and its variants, collectively called functional gastrointestinal disorders, constitute 40-50% of all the patients seen by gastroenterologists in Western countries. 

The amide local anaesthetic lidocaine may also be used as an antianhythmic for ventricular tachycardia and exra-systoles after injection into the blood circulation. Drugs with high lipid solubility such as bupivacaine cannot be used for these purposes because their prolonged binding to the channel may induce dysrhythmias or asystolic heart failure [3]. Systemically applied lidocaine has also been used successfully in some cases of neuropathic pain syndromes [4]. Here, electrical activity in the peripheral nervous system is reduced by used-dependent but incomplete sodium channel blockade. 

The nurse should administer each IV dose of vancomycin over 60 minutes Too rapid an infusion may result in a sudden and profound fall in blood pressure and shock. When giving the drug IV, the nurse closely monitors the infusion rate and the patient s blood pressure. The nurse reports any decrease in blood pressure or reports of throbbing neck or back pain. These symptoms could indicate a severe adverse reaction referred to as "red neck or "red man syndrome. 9/mptoms of this syndrome include a sudden and profound fall in blood pressure, fever, chills paresthesias and erythema (redness) of the neck and badk. 

About 4.5 million Americans have heart failure (HF). It is the most frequent cause of hospitalization for individuals older than 65 years. Some patients, with treatment, may lead nearly normal lives, whereas more than 50% of individuals with severe HF die each year. HF is a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any number of cardiac or metabolic disorders such as ischemic heart disease, hypertension, or hyperthyroidism. Any condition that impairs the ability of the ventricle to pump blood can lead to HF In HF, die heart... 

Plasma protein fractions are used to treat hypovolemic (low blood volume) shock that occurs as the result of bums, trauma, surgery, and infections, or in conditions where shock is not currently present but likely to occur. Plasma protein fractions are also used to treat hypoproteinemia (a deficiency of protein in the blood), as might be seen in patients with nephrotic syndrome and hepatic cirrhosis, as well as other diseases or disorders. As with human pooled plasma, blood type and crossmatch is not needed when plasma protein fractions are given. 

The energy substrates are contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to any component of the solution. Dextrose solutions are contraindicated in patients with diabetic coma with excessively high blood sugar. Concentrated dextrose solutions are contraindicated in patients with increased intracranial pressure, delirium tremens (if patient is dehydrated), hepatic coma, or glucose-galactose malabsorption syndrome Alcohol dextrose solutions are contraindicated in patients with epilepsy, urinary tract infections, alcoholism, and diabetic coma... 

Methadone is a p receptor agonist with special properties that make it particularly useful as a maintenance agent. Rehably absorbed orally, it does not reach peak concentration until about 4 hours after administration and maintains a large extravascular reservoir (Kreek 1979). These properties minimize acute euphoric effects. The reservoir results in a plasma half-life of 1—2 days, so there are usually no rapid blood level drops that could lead to withdrawal syndromes between daily doses. Effective blood levels are in the range of 200-500 ng/mL. Trough levels of 400 ng/mL are considered optimal (Payte and Khouri 1993). There is wide variability among individuals in blood levels with identical doses (Kreek 1979), and some have inadequate levels even with doses as high as 200 mg/day (Tennant 1987 Tenore 2003). 

TypeV Myophosphorylase deficiency, McArdle s syndrome Absence of muscle phosphorylase Diminished exercise tolerance muscles have abnormally high glycogen content (2.5-4.1%). Little or no lactate in blood after exercise. 

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