Blood circulation syndromes

The amide local anaesthetic lidocaine may also be used as an antianhythmic for ventricular tachycardia and exra-systoles after injection into the blood circulation. Drugs with high lipid solubility such as bupivacaine cannot be used for these purposes because their prolonged binding to the channel may induce dysrhythmias or asystolic heart failure [3]. Systemically applied lidocaine has also been used successfully in some cases of neuropathic pain syndromes [4]. Here, electrical activity in the peripheral nervous system is reduced by used-dependent but incomplete sodium channel blockade. 

The principal syndrome where the main pathological development is identified manifests through a series of main symptoms. For example, the main symptoms indicating an exterior wind-cold syndrome are chills and fever, headache and generalized body pain. These result from the invasion of wind and cold at the superficial region of the body, the failure of the Defensive-Qi to spread, and obstruction in the blood circulation. 

The drugs for treating hypertension can quickly descend the Qi and Yang of Liver, but they may suppress the Liver-Qi. They may also slow down water metabolism and blood circulation. Therefore the syndrome can change into one of Liver-Qi stagnation with Kidney-Yin and Liver-Yin deficiency, or Liver-Qi stagnation with dampness accumulation in the Middle-Jiao. 

Gui Zhi is pungent, warm and sweet. Besides expelling wind and cold to treat exterior syndrome, Gui Zhi is able to warm the blood, promote blood circulation and reduce the general pain, stiffness and cold. It is particularly chosen as deputy to enhance the strength of chief herbs to expel wind-cold in treating a severe excess condition of wind-cold syndrome when the general pain of the body is severe. 

Gui Zhi and Xi Xin are able to warm meridians, promote Qi movement and blood circulation, and expel cold. They are selected in formulas to warm the meridians and treat Bi syndrome. 

Gui Zhi is sweet and warm, and primarily enters the Heart meridian. It has an aromatic smell that gives this herb a thin pungent property, which makes it move quickly and lightly. It can particularly warm the blood, stimulate the Heart and promote the blood circulation thus it can treat cold hands and feet, cramp of the muscles and pain due to cold obstruction of the blood circulation. In addition, Gui Zhi also enters the Lung and Bladder meridians, is able to expel wind and cold in the superficial region and can therefore treat exterior wind-cold syndrome. 

This formula is able to warm the meridians and expel cold, tonify the blood and promote blood circulation. It is used to treat cold and painful joints and muscles due to Yang deficiency and blood deficiency with invasion of external cold. A pale tongue with a white coating and a very thready and deep pulse are the important signs of this syndrome. 

Ji Xue Teng is bitter, slightly sweet and warm, and enters the Kidney and Liver meridians. It is a special herb for tonifying the blood as it is also able to promote the blood circulation and relax the tendons. It is therefore selected in formulas to relieve stiffness, tingling, numbness, pain and an uneasy feeling in the body, such as in Bi syndrome and in restless leg disorder due to blood deficiency with Qi and blood stagnation. 

Gui Zhi is sweet, pungent and warm, and enters the Heart meridian. Since the twigs enter the meridians according to the concepts of traditional Chinese medicine, this herb is able to stimulate the Yang and the Qi of the Heart. Together with herbs that tonify the blood, it can accelerate the speed of the bloodgenerating process. It is mainly used as assistant in the formula to tonify the blood so as to warm the blood, promote blood circulation and open up the obstruction. It is particularly selected in the syndrome where there is numbness and tingling of the limbs, cold and pain of the extremities. 

The Liver is located in the Lower-Jiao. It belongs to wood in the Five-Element theory. It houses the soul and regulates the Qi movement and the blood circulation. The syndrome of Liver-Yin deficiency is often observed in chronic diseases, people over 50 years old or people with a constitution of Yin deficiency. 

The exterior dampness stays at the skin, the subcutaneous region, the muscles and the joints. It blocks the Qi movement and blood circulation, and causes Bi syndrome. 

These herbs are selected to promote blood circulation. Mei Gui Hua has the function of harmonizing the Qi of the Liver and Stomach, and treating the syndrome of Liver-Qi attacking the Spleen and Stomach. Its function is quite similar to that of Xiang Yuan (Citri fructus) and Fo Shou [Citri sarcodactylis fructus). However, this herb can promote both Qi and blood circulation and is an appropriate herb to treat disorders due to both Qi and blood stagnation, such as in irregular menstruation and dysmenorrhea. 

Chuan Xiong, Yu Jin and Yan Hu Suo are herbs that promote blood circulation. As they are able to move the Qi in the blood, they are considered as the Qi-moving herbs in the blood. In formulas that regulate the Liver-Qi, they may be selected in conditions of Qi and blood stagnation, or for the purpose of activating the blood in order to accelerate the Qi movement. As Chuan Xiong and Yan Hu Suo are warm in temperature and Yu Jin is cold, they should be selected according to the nature of the syndrome. 

The herbs in this group can be selected as chief and deputies to dissolve congealed blood they can also stimulate blood circulation. They are mainly used to treat the more severe or chronic syndromes of blood stagnation where the blood becomes thicker and blood clots are formed, such as in atherosclerosis, hyperlipemia, thrombosis, endometriosis, adhesions in chronic infection and after surgical operations. 

In chronic Bi syndromes, blood stagnation often presents with wind, damp, cold or heat in the syndrome. Because wind, dampness and cold can block the Qi and blood circulation, they should be removed in order to improve the blood circulation. 

Dang Gui is often used as a helping assistant to tonify the blood and promote blood circulation. It treats a syndrome where blood stagnation and blood deficiency coexist. It also serves as a corrective assistant. It nourishes the blood that has been consumed by pungent and warm herbs that promote Qi and blood in the formula. 

These herbs are warm and pungent, and enter the Heart and Liver meridians. They can invigorate the blood and promote blood circulation. They are used for treating chronic Bi syndrome that is characterized by stubborn pain, numbness, and cold, weak and stiff limbs. They can also be selected to treat chronic skin disorders when the skin lesions are purple, dark in color, itchy, dry and thick. 

These herbs are selected particularly for treating disorders related to tendons, bones and muscles. ShenJin Cao is a pungent, bitter and warm herb, but it is not dry in nature. It enters the Liver meridian and is especially effective in treating disorders of the tendons. It is able to expel wind, open the meridians, promote blood circulation and relax the tendons. It is mostly used for chronic Bi syndrome, which manifests as stiff limbs, difficulty with moving and walking, soreness of the tendons and bones, and numbness of the skin. 

This formula expels wind and eliminates dampness from the superficial and subcutaneous regions of the body. It treats wind-dampness in the superficial level of the body together with blockage of Qi movement and blood circulation - an acute and excess condition. This syndrome is manifested as stiffness and pain of the neck, back and shoulders, headache, heaviness of the body, aversion to cold with mild fever, a white, slightly sticky tongue coating and a superficial pulse. 

Ji Xue Teng is bitter, slightly sweet and warm, and enters the Liver and Kidney meridians. It can tonify the blood and promote blood circulation. As it is the vine of the plant, it has the function of opening up the meridians and collaterals. It can treat stiffness and numbness of limbs due to blood deficiency and blood stagnation. It can be used in the formula for treating Yin-type Yong Yang syndrome, especially when the muscles and joints are stiff and... 

The general processes are manifested by various mechanisms, determined by the type and characteristics of the toxic noxa. Most often met with are a) heavy dehydratation by copious vomiting and diarrheas related to the local damages b) affection of the acid-alkaline and water-electrolytic balance c) acute blood circulation disorders as a consequence of the dehydratation, as well as of the direct injury by some poisons of the vasomotor centers d) syndromes of the central nervous system (consciousness disorders, convulsions, coma, etc.), the liver, the kidneys, the blood, etc., depending on the chemical character of the poison. 

Clinical picture. The first stage is characterized by catarrhal syndrome in the eye and the respiratory tract mucosa. A few hours later phenomena are manifested including severe pul-monary toxic oedema with acute respiratory insufficiency and blood circulation disorders caused very often by pulmonary arterial... 

---