Blood stream infections

Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Messer SA, et al. National surveillance of nosocomial blood stream infection due to Candida albicans Erequency of occurrence and antifungal susceptibility in the SCOPE program. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998 31 327-332. 

Rangel-Frausto MS, Wibhn T, Blumberg HM, et al. National Epidemiology of Mycoses Survey (NEMIS) Variations in rates of blood stream infections due to Candida species in seven surgical intensive care units and six neonatal intensive care units. Chn Infect Dis 1999 29 ... 

Adhere to effective methods of preventing central venous catheter-associated blood stream infections. 

Prontosil, p-[(2,4-diaminophenyl)azo]benzenesulfonamide, was first synthesized in Germany in 1932 as a product of azo-dye research at 1. G. Far-benindustrie. It was soon tested for chemotherapeutic activity, because it bound very strongly to protein fibers. In 1933, it became the first drug to effectively cure blood stream infections. The early investigations of the biological activity of Prontosil required direct testing on animal infections, since the drug appeared to be inactive in vitro. 

Liang SY, Marschall J. Update on emerging infections news from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs central line-associated blood stream infections-United States, 2001, 2008, and 2009. Ann Emerg Med 2011 58 447-51. 

Gilbert RE, Harden M. Effectiveness of impregnated central venous catheters for catheter related blood stream infection a systematic review. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008 1 235 5. 

The safety of home-made PN mixtures compared with pharmacy prepared mixtmes has been evaluated in a prospective study of 181 children on TPN. There was no significant difference in the frequency of catheter-related blood stream infections between groups (P=0.0516) [109 ]. 

Vascular catheter-associated blood stream infection (BSl). The Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services (CMS) developed a specific code for central-line vascular catheters (CVC) and CVC-BSl is not limited to the intensive care unit (ICU). 

Limiting reliance on memory and using reminders and checklists. Several team members can ensure that a particular therapy or process occurs. Examples ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), catheter-related blood stream infection, and reminder of whether catheter could be removed. 

Shock An upset in the body caused by inadequate amounts of blood circulating in the blood stream. It can be caused by marked blood loss, overwhelming infection, severe injury to tissue, emotional factors, etc. 

The blood is made up of a liquid portion called the plasma and a solid portion which in turn comprises both red cells and white cells. The red cells, which are formed in the bone marrow and then passed into the blood stream, contain a chemical called hemoglobin that has the capacity to carry oxygen to the body tissues and carbon dioxide away from the body tissues. The white cells are involved in maintaining immunity to infection and in fighting disease. It is the interference by a virus with the immume process of the white cells that give rise to what we know as AIDS (auto immune deficiency syndrome). This condition, however, does not occur from exposure to chemicals. 

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) represents the most frequent type of leukemia in adults in the Western world (1). This disease is characterized by the accumulation of B lymphocytes in the blood stream, bone marrow, and lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes and spleen. The progressive increase of these clonal B lymphocytes ultimately impairs the function of normal lymphocytes and the bone marrow leading to thrombocytopenia, anemia, and infection. 

Njogu, R.M. Kiaira, J.K Trypanosoma brucei a quick method for separating blood-stream trypomastigotes from infected blood by differential osmotic lysis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 71, 265-269 (1982)... 

Memory cells are specialized T cells, which remain in the blood stream to fight infection the second time around. By remembering the original antigen they speed up and strengthen the immune response. 

The intrinsic life cycle begins when a female mosquito takes a blood meal. At this time, sporozoites that have matured in the mosquito s salivary glands are inoculated into the blood stream. These sporozoites migrate to the liver where they infect hepato-cytes and progress from early trophozoites to mature schizonts. This process is referred to as the exoerythrocytic cycle. Schizonts in the liver contain thousands of merozoites that are able to infect... 

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