Vascular catheters

Urinary and vascular catheter coated/impregnated with antimicrobial agent. Wound dressing with antimicrobial agent. 

Sinko et al. [92] established an Intestinal and Vascular Access Port (IVAP) model where dogs were fitted with three intestinal catheters for site-specific administration to various section of the intestine (i.e. duodenum, ileum, and colon), one vascular catheter for access to the portal vein, and a peripheral vein (e.g. branchial) for IV access. The animals were allowed to recover for 2 weeks prior to initiation of studies. The extent of intestinal versus hepatic first-pass metabolism was determined by comparing blood levels following intra-duodenal (AUQ.d.) versus portal (AUVi.p.v.) versus intravenous (AUQ.V.) administration. The model also lends itself to a comparison of the impact of site-specific preferential absorption, and hence a determination of the optimal site for intestinal delivery. 

If tuberculin syringes are used to measure very small doses, one must be aware of the problem of inadvertent overadministration of digoxin. Do not flush the syringe with the parenteral solution after its contents are expelled into an indwelling vascular catheter. 

The surgical placement of vascular catheters and the instillation of bacteria, either intratracheally or intraperitoneally, require general anesthesia. Anesthesia is induced with a combination of ketamine and xylazine and maintained with additional doses of ketamine as needed. During the surgical procedure the rabbit breathes spontaneously through an endotracheal tube (3.0 mm ID, 4.2 mm OD, Kendall/Sheridan, Argyle, NY). 

The transhepatic embolization of bleeding oesophageal varices, which was first used by A. Lunderquist et al. (1974), is only of minor clinical importance today. With this procedure, a vascular catheter is introduced via the percutaneous transhepatic route into the portal system, and the convolute of varices is selectively thrombosed. (87)... 

Heparin is used as an anticoagulant for prophylaxis and treatment of various thromboembolic disease processes. It is used to maintain relatively anticoagulated states in patients on extracorporeal circulation or hemodialysis and to help maintain patency of indwelling vascular catheters. 

Any patient who develops staphylococcal bacteremia is at risk for endocarditis. Many investigators have attempted to develop criteria that identify the bacteremic patient likely to have IE. In hospitalized patients with S. aureus bacteremia and an identified focus of infection, such as a vascular catheter, the risk of concomitant IE is low, and treatment of the bacteremia can be reduced to 2 weeks. This approach applies only if the patient does not have a prosthetic valve or additional clinical evidence for endocarditis. On the other hand, the following parameters predict higher risk of IE in patients with S. aureus bacteremia (1) the absence of a primary site of infection, (2) community acquisition of infection, (3) metastatic signs of infection, and (4) valvular vegetations detected by echocardiography. ... 

Nucci M, Anaissie E. Should vascular catheters be removed from all patients with candidemia An evidence-based review. Qin Infect Dis... 

Multiple coil spiral-wound vascular catheter Surgical device suitable for accessing tissue target [53] ... 

H. Nita, L.P. Jansen, P. Park, G. Samson, E. Engelson, J. Sarge, Optimized high performance multiple coil spiral-wound vascular catheter, Google Patents, Target Therpeutics, Inc., Eremont, Calif., USA, 1999. 

The successful treatment of neonate with severe metabolic intoxication is not possible without securing a vascular catheter (often central venous catheter) that is essential for (1) administering glucose in high concentrations, (2) providing intensive hydration and managing biochemical disturbances, (3) total or partial parenteral feeding, and (4) toxin elimination. 

Catheter device selection is based on a number of factors, including the plarmed application and placement site, duration of implantation, composition of fluids infused, and frequency of access (Namyslowski and Patel, 1999). Vascular catheters can be divided into two genei groups shortterm, temporary catheters that are placed percutaneously, and long-term, indwelling vascular catheters that usually require a surgical insertion. Temporary catheters include short peripheral venous and arterial catheters, nontunneled central venous and arterial catheters, and peripherally inserted central catheters (Pearson, 1996). Tunneled central venous catheters and totally implantable intra-... 

Vascular catheter-associated bloodstream infection (BSI). CMS developed a specific code for central line vascular catheters (CVC), and CVC-BSI is not limited to the ICU. 

Yuan Y, Ai F, Zang X, Zhnang W, Shen J, Lin S. Polyurethane vascular catheter surface grafted with zwitterionic snlfobetaine monomer activated by ozone. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2004 35(l) l-5. 

Raad I, Costerton W, Sabharwal U, et al. Ultrastructural analysis of indwelling vascular catheters a quantitative relationship between luminal colonization and duration of placement. J Infect Dis August 1993 168(2) 400-7. 

Rupp ME, Lisco SJ, Lipsett PA, et al. Effect of a second-generation venous catheter impregnated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine on central catheter-related infections a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med October 2005 143(8) 570-80. Darouiche RO, Raad II, Bodey GP, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility of staphylococcal isolates from patients with vascular catheter-related bacteremia potential role of the combination of minocycline and rifampin. Int J Antimicrob Agents September 1995 6(l) 31-6. 

Smith, R. S., et al. (2012). Vascular catheters with a nonleaching poly-sulfobetaine surface modification reduce thrombus formation and microbial attachment. Science Translational Medicine, 4(153), 153ral32. 

Chatzinikolaou I, et ah Antibiotic-coated hemodialysis catheters for the prevention of vascular catheter-related infections a prospective, randomized study. Am J Med 2003 115 352-357. 

Many different devices have been used for cardiovascular therapy, from vascular catheters to electronic pacemakers and artificial implants. Some of these devices have been improved, adding the possibility to deliver drugs in the injured site. 

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