Blood sample collection

In a study of blood samples collected from 113 mothers of 23 different nationalities and from their neonates (cord blood), mean maternal PbB levels were 14.9 2.14 pg/dL (range, 6.6-27.8 pg/dL) and mean cord PbB levels were 13 2.5 pg/dL(range, 6.0-30 pg/dL). Sixteen percent of mothers and nearly 10% of cord blood samples had PbB levels >20 pg/dL (A1 Khayat et al. 1997b). 

Both subjects under went a routine health check-up. Analysis of blood samples collected after a 16 h fast gave the following results ... 

Primary biomarkers of exposure are the presence of 1,2-dibromoethane in blood or exhaled breath or excretion of specific metabolites in urine. In humans exposed to toxic levels of 1,2- dibromoethane (Letz et al. 1984), the parent compound was not measured in blood samples collected before death. However, two exposed individuals had elevated levels of serum bromide ions. This elevation is likely to have resulted from debromination of 1,2-dibromoethane during its metabolism. Elevated serum bromide is not specific to 1,2-dibromoethane exposure, but, rather, it is indicative of exposure to classes of brominated chemicals. 

The use of ICG to measure hepatic blood flow and function by spectrophotmet-ric analysis of serial blood samples collected invasively was recognized more than 50 years ago [141], and the concept of non-invasive optical monitoring of physiologic function with ICG is not new [ 142 -146]. However, advances in optical technology and the availability of miniature lasers for biomedical applications have resulted in the development of faster, simpler, and reliable optical methods for monitoring physiologic functions in real-time. While most of these methods rely on the absorption properties of ICG for continuous hepatic func-... 

Blood samples collected shortly after blood transfusions can contain significant levels of biotinidase activity in patients with biotinidase deficiency. 

Peoples, A. Love, R. Cholinesterase activity in blood samples collected from field workers and nonfield workers in California. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 1978, 45,... 

After providing informed consent under the approved protocol, all subjects had a fasting blood sample collected and completed the 38-question Personal Wellness Profile Concise Assessment Plus (Wellsource, Clacamas, Oregon). The blood sample was used for determination of plasma C-reactive protein level and DNA extraction to determine IL1 genotype. Aliquots of the blood samples were archived for additional genotyping or biomarker assessment as needed. 

A survey of the occurrence of dioxins in 9000 human blood samples collected from individuals resident over the major parts of Australia was carried out in 2001-2003. Levels were found to increase consistency with age with adult of age > 60 years having almost three times the levels of those of age <16 years. The mean level was 10.9 pg TEQ g-1 of lipid which is among the lowest recorded in the world. 

The effects of 2,3,7,8-TCDD exposure in humans exposed in occupational or environmental settings have been described in several studies. Few studies provided precise exposure levels. However, for some cohorts, blood lipid 2,3,7,8-TCDD levels in samples collected shortly after exposure and stored frozen for several years have been analyzed. In other studies, the original blood levels of 2,3,7,8-TCDD were estimated using 2,3,7,8-TCDD levels measured in recent blood samples, the amount of time between exposure and blood sample collection, and a mean serum half-life of 5-12 years. 2,3,7,8-TCDD body burdens calculated from available serum lipid 2,3,7,8-TCDD levels are presented in Table 2-1. 

Hematologic Studies Hematologic study includes estimations of hemoglobin content, packed-cell volume, total erythrocytes, total leukocytes, platelets, or other measures of clotting potential. These should be performed on blood samples collected from all nonrodents, from 10 rats of both genders, from all groups at 3 months, 6 months, thereafter at approximately 6-month intervals, and at termination. If possible, these collections should be from the same rats of each interval. In additions, a pretest sample should be collected from nonrodents. 

A newborn boy appeared to be healthy and was discharged from the hospital. He was breast-fed by his mother. A blood sample collected for galactosemia and phenylketonuria testing per state law indicated lowered levels of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase in the child s red blood cells. Discuss the following ... 

Tracers are administered intravenously to achieve near steady-state concentrations a priming dose loads the plasma and extracellular compartments, and subsequent infusion replaces renal losses. Once steady state plasma tracer levels are approached, a series of timed urine collections (clearance periods) are performed, with blood samples collected at the either the midpoint or beginning and end of the clearance periods. The urine and blood (plasma or serum) samples are analyzed for tracer(s) and the test compound. 

Rats weighing 180-240 g are kept on standard diet. Groups of 8 non-fasted animals are treated orally with various doses of the test compounds suspended in 0.4% starch suspension. One control group receives the vehicle only. Blood is withdrawn from the tip of the tail immediately before, and 1,2,3,5, and 24 hours after administration of the candidate compound. Blood glucose is determined in 10 pi blood samples collected from the tip of the tail. If pharmacokinetic data for the candidate compound are already available, when performing this test, additional blood samples (100 pi) should be taken at max by retro orbital bleeding for detection of free fatty acids, triglycerides and insulin. 

Eight rats per group (lean control, obese control, and dose groups) are treated with the candidate compound in various doses for up to 6 weeks. According to the pharmacokinetic profile (ti/2) the candidate compound is administered once or twice a day by gavage. If the stability of the compound is sufficient the candidate compound can also be administered by food admixture. Food and water consumption as well as body weight are measured at least once a week. Blood glucose is determined in 10 il blood samples collected from the tip... 

Recently a 125 mg tolbutamide dose has been validated, with proposal of the use of just one blood sample collected 24 hour post-dosing. Its safer use needs the drug to be assayed using LC-MS/MS methodology (letter 2004). 

Dietary exposure to PFCs was also indirectly examined by Falandysz et al. [145]. PFSAs and PFCAs were analysed in blood samples collected from adults in Poland. A correlation was observed between PFSA and PFCA concentrations in blood and self-reported Baltic fish consumption. 

Vreman, H.J., Kwong, L.K., Stevenson, D.K. (1984). Carbon monoxide in blood an improved microliter blood sample collection system, with rapid analysis by gas chromatography. Clin. Chem. 30 1382-6. 

Assume an experiment in which a group of subjects selected to represent a spectrum of severity of some condition (e.g., renal insufficiency) is given a dose of drug, and drug concentrations are measured in blood samples collected at intervals after dosing. The structural kinetic models used when performing a population analysis do not differ at all from those used for analysis of data from an individual patient. One still needs a model for the relationship of concentration to dose and time, and this relationship does not depend on whether the fixed-effect parameter changes... 

Cats have large platelets with a mean platelet volume of 15.1 fl. These large platelets overlap in size with erythrocytes matog automated platelet coimts subject to error (Tschopp 1970). Additionally, platelet aggregates are frequently encountered in blood samples collected for routine hematologic tests. 

Blood sample collection It is important to take the blood sample under standardized conditions (1, 3, 7) ... 

Benzene, toluene, and xylenes were detected in the blood samples collected from Wistar rats immediately after exposure to 5,000 ppm gasoline vapor for 30 minutes (Kimura et al. 1988). 

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