Optical technology

The development of fiber optics technology, user-friendly displays, and enhanced data presentation capabihties have made on-line analysis acceptable within the plant manufactuting environment. However, it is apparent that a barrier stiU exists to some extent within many organizations between the process control engineers, the plant operations department, and the analytical function, and proper sampling is stiU the key to successful process analytical chemistry. The ultimate goal is not to handle the sample at ah. 

H. J. Hoffmann, in C. M. Lampert and C. G. Granqvist, eds., Earge-yirea Chromogenics Materials and Devicesfor Transmittance Control Vol. IS 4, SPIE Institutes for Advanced Optical Technologies, Bellington, Wash., 1990, p. 86. 

Optical connectors ate used to terminate and interconnect fiber optic cables (see Fiber OPTICS). Transmission of information by light through optical fibers made of glass or plastic is less expensive in many cases than transmission of electric signals through wire. An advantage of fiber optic technology is that it is... 

The im< e mode produces an image of the illuminated sample area, as in Figure 2. The imj e can contain contrast brought about by several mechanisms mass contrast, due to spatial separations between distinct atomic constituents thickness contrast, due to nonuniformity in sample thickness diffraction contrast, which in the case of crystalline materials results from scattering of the incident electron wave by structural defects and phase contrast (see discussion later in this article). Alternating between imj e and diffraction mode on a TEM involves nothing more than the flick of a switch. The reasons for this simplicity are buried in the intricate electron optics technology that makes the practice of TEM possible. 

Hornal LA (1992) Polymers in lightwave and integrated optics, technology and applications. Marcel Dekker, New York... 

In electronics and communications, the drivers are the need for further miniaturization, higher performance, and new optical technologies that provide entirely new products. For example, in aircraft, control systems have progressed from mechanical hydraulic components to fly-bywire electronic systems to the new concept of fly-by-light optical systems. This progression has depended on the development of the appropriate materials to design the performance systems. 

Dirksen, D. and G. von Bally (eds.) (1997), Optical Technologies in the Humanities, Springer, Berlin. 

Mommsen, H., H. Dittmann, A. Hein, and A. Rosenberg (1997b), X-ray fluorescence analysis induced by synchrotron radiation (S.Y.X.R.E) and first archaeometric applications, in Dirksen, D. and G. von Bally (eds.), Optical Technologies in the Humanities, Springer, Berlin, pp. 119-121. 

In addition, the integration of modem optical technology and electrochemical techniques for sensing applications appears to be a powerful new approach. A new type of optoelectrochemical sensor for chlorine, based on an electrochromic thin-film sensing layer placed on top of a planar waveguide, has demonstrated the applicability of this combined approach. 

The creation of nanoscale sandwiches of compound semiconductor heterostructures, with gradients of chemical composition that are precisely sculpted, could produce quantum wells with appropriate properties. One can eventually think of a combined device that incorporates logic, storage, and communication for computing—based on a combination of electronic, spintronic, photonic, and optical technologies. Precise production and integrated use of many different materials will be a hallmark of future advanced device technology. 

Polymers for Lightwave and Integrated Optics Technology and Applications, edited by Lawrence A. Hornak... 

Further sensitivity enhancements of PDA are likely to stem from advanced flow-cell design using fiber-optic technology to extend the... 

R. J. Pressley (ed.), Handbook of Lasers with Selected Data on Optical Technology, CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio (1971). 

Copper has long been prized for its beauty, malleability, and conductivity. However, in recent fibre-optic technology, intricate atom-layering production processes are being used to produce a material that has thousands of times the conductive ability of copper. What is this new material ... 

W. C. Chew, J. M. Jin and E. Michielsen, Complex coordinate stretching as a generalized absorbing boundary condition, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 15, 383-369 (1997). 

The use of ICG to measure hepatic blood flow and function by spectrophotmet-ric analysis of serial blood samples collected invasively was recognized more than 50 years ago [141], and the concept of non-invasive optical monitoring of physiologic function with ICG is not new [ 142 -146]. However, advances in optical technology and the availability of miniature lasers for biomedical applications have resulted in the development of faster, simpler, and reliable optical methods for monitoring physiologic functions in real-time. While most of these methods rely on the absorption properties of ICG for continuous hepatic func-... 

Invasive continuous hepatic function monitoring by the fluorescence procedure was also evaluated in rabbits [148]. In this study, a commercial catheter equipped with fiber optic technology for mixed venous oxygen saturation measurements (SVO2) was modified to emit light at 780 nm and detect fluorescence at 840 nm. The catheter was placed into the right jugular vein and advanced... 

Crystalline lithium niobate was for many years the only material that could be used in devices, an example of its use being in electro-optic modulators for interfacing with fibre optic technologies. Unfortunately, this material is not very satisfactory because it is difficult to grow, and hence expensive, and only shows modest electrooptic properties. 

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