Blood cobalt

Schaffer, A.W. et al., Increased blood cobalt and chromium after total hip replacement, J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol., 37, 839-844, 1999. 

A healthy 46-year-old patient developed progressively worsening symptoms of cobalt toxicity following 6 months of synovectomy and replacement of ceramic-on-ceramic hip bearing to a metal-on-polyethylene bearing. Blood cobalt concentration peaked at 6521 p /L. The patient died from cobalt-induced cardiomyopathy. Implant retrieval analysis confirmed a loss qf28.3g mass cfthe cobalt-chromium femoral head as a result of severe abrasive wear by ceramic particles embedded in the revision polyethylene liner [83 ]. 

Finley BL, Monnot AD, Gaffney SH, Paustenbach DJ. Dose-response relationships for blood cobalt concentrations and health effects a review of the literature and application of a biokinetic model. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2012 15(8) 493-523. 

Protein-Based Adhesives. Proteia-based adhesives are aormaHy used as stmctural adhesives they are all polyamino acids that are derived from blood, fish skin, caseia [9000-71 -9] soybeans, or animal hides, bones, and connective tissue (coUagen). Setting or cross-linking methods typically used are iasolubilization by means of hydrated lime and denaturation. Denaturation methods require energy which can come from heat, pressure, or radiation, as well as chemical denaturants such as carbon disulfide [75-15-0] or thiourea [62-56-6]. Complexiag salts such as those based upon cobalt, copper, or chromium have also been used. Formaldehyde and formaldehyde donors such as h exam ethyl en etetra am in e can be used to form cross-links. Removal of water from a proteia will also often denature the material. 

Several nonoccupational health problems have been traced to cobalt compounds. Cobalt compounds were used as foam stabilizers in many breweries throughout the world in the mid to late 1960s, and over 100 cases of cardiomyopathy, several followed by death, occurred in heavy beer drinkers (38,39). Those affected consumed as much as 6 L/d of beer (qv) and chronic alcoholism and poor diet may well have contributed to this disease. Some patients treated with cobalt(II) chloride for anemia have developed goiters and polycythemia (40). The impact of cobalt on the thyroid gland and blood has been observed (41). 

The compounds of the t/block elements show a wide range of interesting properties. Some are vital to life. Iron is an essential component of mammalian blood. Compounds of cobalt, molybdenum, and zinc are found in vitamins and essential enzymes. Other compounds simply make life more interesting and colorful. The beautiful color of cobalt blue glass, the brilliant greens and blues of kiln-baked pottery, and many pigments used by artists make use of d-block compounds. 

Determination of Gold, Cobalt, and Lithium in Blood Plasma Using the Mini-Massmann Carbon Rod Atomizer". Anal. Chem. (1974), 1445-1449. 

Because process mixtures are complex, specialized detectors may substitute for separation efficiency. One specialized detector is the array amperometric detector, which allows selective detection of electrochemically active compounds.23 Electrochemical array detectors are discussed in greater detail in Chapter 5. Many pharmaceutical compounds are chiral, so a detector capable of determining optical purity would be extremely useful in monitoring synthetic reactions. A double-beam circular dichroism detector using a laser as the source was used for the selective detection of chiral cobalt compounds.24 The double-beam, single-source construction reduces the limitations of flicker noise. Chemiluminescence of an ozonized mixture was used as the principle for a sulfur-selective detector used to analyze pesticides, proteins, and blood thiols from rat plasma.25 Chemiluminescence using bis (2,4, 6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate was used for the selective detection of catalytically reduced nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust.26... 

Thus, the mechanism of MT antioxidant activity might be connected with the possible antioxidant effect of zinc. Zinc is a nontransition metal and therefore, its participation in redox processes is not really expected. The simplest mechanism of zinc antioxidant activity is the competition with transition metal ions capable of initiating free radical-mediated processes. For example, it has recently been shown [342] that zinc inhibited copper- and iron-initiated liposomal peroxidation but had no effect on peroxidative processes initiated by free radicals and peroxynitrite. These findings contradict the earlier results obtained by Coassin et al. [343] who found no inhibitory effects of zinc on microsomal lipid peroxidation in contrast to the inhibitory effects of manganese and cobalt. Yeomans et al. [344] showed that the zinc-histidine complex is able to inhibit copper-induced LDL oxidation, but the antioxidant effect of this complex obviously depended on histidine and not zinc because zinc sulfate was ineffective. We proposed another mode of possible antioxidant effect of zinc [345], It has been found that Zn and Mg aspartates inhibited oxygen radical production by xanthine oxidase, NADPH oxidase, and human blood leukocytes. The antioxidant effect of these salts supposedly was a consequence of the acceleration of spontaneous superoxide dismutation due to increasing medium acidity. 

Administration of EPO doses ranging from 50 to 150 IU kg-1 three times weekly is normally sufficient to elevate the patient s haematocrit values to a desired 32-35 per cent. (Haematocrit refers to packed cell volume , i.e. the percentage of the total volume of whole blood that is composed of erythrocytes.) Plasma EPO concentrations generally vary between 5 and 25 IU U1 in healthy individuals. One IU (international unit) of EPO activity is defined as the activity that promotes the same level of stimulation of erythropoiesis as 5 mmol of cobalt. 

Although B12 can be assayed biologically in mice, chicks, and rats, especially with the use of radioactive cobalt, the microbiologic method of assay is preferred because it is economical and sensitive. One serious drawback of bacterial Bi2 assay procedures is the lack of specificity and sensitivity. The extreme sensitivity (1 X 10 12 g) and relative freedom of stimulation in blood, serum, and urine make protozoa the choice assay tools (B17, F3, H19). The most specific is O. malhamensis (B17, F3) Euglena is known to be stimulated by pseudo-B12 (F2). Serum and blood from normal subjects have a growth-promoting effect on Euglena (M12) above that seen with Ochromonas. The reason for such... 

Miscellaneous Hepatotoxicity stored in 0.01% thymol light sensitive Coronary steal maintains renal blood flow Hepatotoxic avoid in renal impairment Renal toxicity Oxidizes cobalt ion in vitamin B12... 

Cobalt chloride (CoClj) is used to manufacture vitamin even though the compound itself can cause damage to red blood cells. It is also used as a dye mordant (to fix the dye to the textile so that it will not run). It is also of use in manufacturing solid lubricants, as an additive to fertihzers, as a chemical reagent in laboratories, and as an absorbent in gas masks, electroplating, and the manufacture of vitamin B. ... 

An accurate determination of copper and zinc traces in human serum samples from the International Measurement Evaluation Programme-17 launched by IRMM (Geel) has been made by isotope dilution TIMS.38 An analytical method for the multi-element determination of metals (Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni and Mo) potentially released from dental implants and prostheses into human body fluids (in blood and urine) by ICP-MS (double-focusing sector field instrument and quadrupole instrument with octopole collision cell) for medical studies was developed in Sanz-Medel s group.39 The Cr and Co concentrations found in blood samples of patients with chromium-cobalt based alloy varied in the sub-p,gl 1 range and were not significantly higher than the basal levels found by other authors.40... 

Chemicals which can damage (a) the liver include carbon tetrachloride, paracetamol, bromobenzene, isoniazid, vinyl chloride, ethionine, galactosamine, halothane, dimethyl-nitrosamine (b) the kidney include hexachlorobutadiene, cadmium and mercuric salts, chloroform, ethylene glycol, aminoglycosides, phenacetin (c) the lung include paraquat, ipomeanol, asbestos, monocrotaline, sulfur dioxide, ozone, naphthalene (d) the nervous system include MPTP, hexane, organophosphoms compounds, 6-hydroxydopamine, isoniazid (e) the testes include cadmium, cyclophosphamide, phthalates, ethanemethane sulfonate, 1,3-dinitrobenzene (f) the heart include allylamine, adriamycin, cobalt, hydralazine, carbon disulfide (g) the blood include nitrobenzene, aniline, phenyl-hydrazine, dapsone. 

---