Blend ethylene-acrylic rubber

Ishida et reported melt blending of PLA with four types of common rubbers, ethylene-propylene copolymer (EPM), ethylene-acrylic rubber (EAM), acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) and isoprene rubber (IR), to toughen PLA. All blends showed separated phase morphology where the elastomer phase was homogeneously distributed in the form of small droplets in the continuous PLA phase. Izod impact testing showed that toughening was achieved only when PLA was blended with NBR, which showed the smallest rubber particle size in the blends. In addition, the interfacial tension between both phases, PLA and NBR, was the lowest. 

The blends of PBT or PET with poly(ethylene-acrylate) rubber [116,117], PBT with polybutadiene rubber [121], and PBT with EPDM [122,123] obtained by in situ reactive blending were also examined. TPEs by grafting of PBT on the acryl units of the poly(ethylene-acrylate) rubber or by covulcanization of unsaturated PBT with polybutadiene rubber were also reported. The covulcanization of unsaturated PEE with EPDM was studied by Sieminski [73]. Some authors modified PBT with small amounts of rubber in order to improve its impact resistance [190]. Manas-Zloczower et al [191] and Utracki [192] reviewed the procedures of preparation of such blends. 

This is another important and widely used polymer. Nanocomposites have been prepared based on this rubber mostly for flame-retardancy behavior. Blends with acrylic functional polymer and maleic anhydride-grafted ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) have also been used both with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes to prepare nanocomposites [65-69]. 

Jha, A. and Bhowmick, A.K., Thermoplastic elastomeric blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and acrylate rubber I. Influence of interaction on thermal, dynamic mechanical and tensile properties. Polymer, 38, 4337, 1997. 

PVC, another widely used polymer for wire and cable insulation, crosslinks under irradiation in an inert atmosphere. When irradiated in air, scission predominates.To make cross-linking dominant, multifunctional monomers, such as trifunctional acrylates and methacrylates, must be added. Fluoropolymers, such as copol5miers of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), are widely used in wire and cable insulations. They are relatively easy to process and have excellent chemical and thermal resistance, but tend to creep, crack, and possess low mechanical stress at temperatures near their melting points. Radiation has been found to improve their mechanical properties and crack resistance. Ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) has also been used for wire and cable insulation. When blended with thermoplastic polyefins, such as low density polyethylene (LDPE), its processibility improves significantly. The typical addition of LDPE is 10%. Ethylene propylene copolymers and terpolymers with high PE content can be cross-linked by irradiation. ... 

PVC can be blended with numerous other polymers to give it better processability and impact resistance. For the manufacture of food contact materials the following polymerizates and/or polymer mixtures from polymers manufactured from the above mentioned starting materials can be used Chlorinated polyolefins blends of styrene and graft copolymers and mixtures of polystyrene with polymerisate blends butadiene-acrylonitrile-copolymer blends (hard rubber) blends of ethylene and propylene, butylene, vinyl ester, and unsaturated aliphatic acids as well as salts and esters plasticizerfrec blends of methacrylic acid esters and acrylic acid esters with monofunctional saturated alcohols (Ci-C18) as well as blends of the esters of methacrylic acid butadiene and styrene as well as polymer blends of acrylic acid butyl ester and vinylpyrrolidone polyurethane manufactured from 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, 1.4-butandiol and aliphatic polyesters from adipic acid and glycols. 

Numerous nylon blends prepared by compatibilization or reactive blending are commercially successful. The modifiers fiequenfly utilized in commercial nylon blends include polyolefin, thermoplastic polyolefin, thermoplastic polyunethane, ionomer, elastomer, ethylene-propylene rubber, nitrile mbber, polyftetrafluoroethylene), poly (phenylene ether), poly(ether amide), silicone, glass fiber, and carbon fiber. The nonpolar modifiers such as polyolefin, maleic anhydride or a polar vinyl monomer such as acrylic acid, methaciylic acid and fimiaric acid is fiequently incorporated to introduce reactive sites in nylon. 

FKMs are coextruded with lower-cost (co)polymers such as ethylene acrylic copolymer. 1 They can be modified by blending and vulcanizing with other synthetic rubbers such as silicones, EPR and EPDM, epichlorohydrin, and nitriles. Fluoroelastomers are blended with modified NBR to obtain an intermediate performance/cost balance. These blends are useful for underhood applications in environments outside the engine temperature zone such as timing chain tensioner seals. 

Blends of polycarbonate and elastomers contain mostly graft copolymers based on butadiene and acrylate rubbers as the elastomeric component Polycarbonate blends with special thermoplastic elastomers, e.g., styrene/ethylene/butylene/styrene block copolymers (SEES) are another interesting product class. These blends exhibit improved resistance to gasoUne compared to polycarbonate, Figure 5.309. 

The number of reports on the obtaining of polyesters (mainly PBT-based) and on rubber blends for dynamic vulcanization is growing. The authors point to the multiphase structure (in which the partially vulcanized rubber is the soft phase) and to the properties of the TPEs or the high impact thermoplastics. PEE/nitryl rubber blends [113-115], PBT or PET/acrylic rubber blends [116,117], PBT/rubbery polymer blends [118,119], PBT/ethylene-propylene rubber blends, unsaturated PEE/EPDM rubber blends [73,120,121], and PBT/rubber blends [122,123] are reported. 

Several authors have discussed the ion exchange potentials and membrane properties of grafted cellulose [135,136]. Radiation grafting of anionic and cationic monomers to impart ion exchange properties to polymer films and other structures is rather promising. Thus, grafting of acrylamide and acrylic acid onto polyethylene, polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer as a blend [98], and waste rubber powder [137,138], allows... 

FIGURE 38.6 Morphology of (a) ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM)-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) blend (b) EPDM-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-ground rubber tire (GRT) blend. (Reprinted from Naskar, A.K., Bhowmick, A.K., and De, S.K., Polym. Eng. Sci., 41, 1087, 2001. With permission from Wiley InterScience.)... 

Cortes et al. [975] have used on-line p,SEC-CGC for rapid determination of a great variety of additives in an emulsion ABS-PVC blend, HIPS and a styrene-acrylate-ethylene rubber polymer. These systems are difficult to analyse, because of the high levels of insolubles such as fillers, pigments, or rubber modifiers. The additives were separated from the polymer fraction in a polymer/additive dissolution using p,SEC, and were... 

Several flexible polymers, such as natural rubber (NR) synthetic rubber (SR) polyalkyl acrylates copolymers of acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene, (ABS) and polyvinyl alkyl ethers, have been used to improve the impact resistance of PS and PVC. PS and copolymers of ethylene and propylene have been used to increase the ductility of polyphenylene oxide (PPO) and nylon 66, respectively. The mechanical properties of several other engineering plastics have been improved by blending them with thermoplastics. 

Mohanty S, Santra RN, Nando GB (1997) Reactive blending of ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer and poly-dimethyl siloxane rubber kinetics studies from infrared spectroscopy. Adv Poly Technol 16(4) 323—329... 

Santra RN et al. (1993) Thermogravimetric studies on miscible blends of ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA) and polydimethylsiloxane rubber (PDMS). Ther-mochim Acta 219(1—2) 283—292... 

Bhattacharya AK et al. (1995) Studies on miscibility of blends of poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate) and poly(dimethyl siloxane) rubber by melt rheology. J Appl Poly Sci 55( 13) 1747—1755... 

Santra RN et al. (1993) In-situ compatibilization of low-density polyethylene and polydimethylsiloxane rubber blends using ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer as a chemical compatibilizer. J Appl Poly Sci 49(7) 1145-1158... 

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