Bleaching activators

Lighter C —Cg a-olefias and Cg branched olefins are converted by the oxo process into fatty acids containing one carbon number greater than the starting a-olefin. These fatty acids are then used to produce alkenylhen enesulfonic acid products which are used ia the United States and ia Europe as perborate bleach activators ia heavy-duty laundry detergents. 

Fabric Softeners, Surfactants and Bleach Activators. Mono- and bisamidoamines and their imidazoline counterparts are formed by the condensation reaction of one or two moles of a monobasic fatty acid (typically stearic or oleic) or their methyl esters with one mole of a polyamine. Imidazoline formation requires that the ethyleneamine have at least one segment in which a secondary amine group Hes adjacent to a primary amine group. These amidoamines and imidazolines form the basis for a wide range of fabric softeners, surfactants, and emulsifiers. Commonly used amines are DETA, TETA, and DMAPA, although most of the polyethylene and polypropane polyamines can be used. 

Earlier formulations contained mainly chlorine bleach, metasiUcates, triphosphate, and nonionic surfactants. Modem manufacturers have switched to more compHcated formulations with disiUcates, phosphates or citrate, phosphonates, polycarboxylates, nonionic surfactants, oxygen bleach, bleach activator, and enzymes. The replacement of metasiUcates by disilicates lowers pH from approximately 12 to 10.5, at 1 g ADD/L water. The combined effect of decreased pH, the absence of hypochlorite, and the trend toward lower wash temperatures has paved the way for the introduction of enzymes into ADDs. Most ADD brands in Europe are part of the new generation of ADD products with enzymes. The new formulations are described in the patent hterature (55—57). 

Bleich-beize, /. bleaching mordant, -chlor, n. chlorine for bleaching active chlorine. 

Bleaching Activity of Phosphines Containing Hydroxymethyl Groups... 

Blattellaquinone, 27 259 Bleach activator, ethyleneamines application, 8 500t, 504-505 Bleach boosting, 70 304-305 Bleached board products, 78 130 Bleached chemo-thermo mechanical pulp (BCTMP), 74 57 Bleached montan wax, 9 677 Bleaches. See also Bleaching... 

Bleach activator Citrate-coated nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (NOBS) 8.49 wt. %... 

Acetylating and dehydrating agent used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries for the manufacture of cellulose acetate, for textile sizing agents and cold bleaching activators, for polishing metals and for the production of brake fluids, dyes, explosives. 

Compared to sulfuric acid, the clay catalysts produced a cleaner biodiesel due to their bleaching activity. Thus, unrefined oils or waste cooking oils could be employed as feedstock without pretreatment. However, the performance of the clays diminished with repeated use and catalysts had to be reactivated after each run to maintain peak performance, suggesting that some leaching of sulfuric acid took place. 

Chelants in bleach-activated powder laundry detergents have a number of key roles to play - bleach stabilization, dye and fabric protection, stain removal, and scale inhibition. 

Laundry powders in Europe use sodium percarbonate and a bleach activator, tetraacetylethylenediamine ( ED), to form peracetic acid in the washing machine that then reacts with bleachable stains such as tea, red wine, coffee, and curry to remove /bleach them from cloth. Transition metal ions, in particular copper, cause first decomposition of peracetic add before it can bleach stains and second react with peroxide to form highly readive hydroxyl radicals that can cause dye and fabric damage [32]. Chelants bind with copper and other metals to prevent these unwanted side readions. 

Polyalkylene polyamines find use in a wide variety of applications by virtue of their unique combination of reactivity, basicity, and surface activity. With a few significant exceptions, they arc used predominantly as intermediates in the production of functional products. End-use profiles for the various ethyleneamines include fungicide, oil and fuel additives, polyamides/epoxy curing, paper resins, chelaiing agents, fabric sofieners/surfactanls, petroleum production, bleach activator, and anlhelmimics/pharmaceulicals. 

M. Kunz, J. Kowalczyk, and S. Ehrhardt, Use of acylated oxidized carbohydrates as bleach activators and sequestrants in detergent formulations, Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 731161 (1996) Chem. Abstr. 125 (1996) 279255. 

The bleach in a dishwasher tablet or powder is percarbonate and this needs a bleach activator, but now it is possible to add a metal compound as a catalyst because there is no danger of the contents of the dishwasher suffering in the way that some fabrics can be affected. In some tablets a new self-activating bleaching agent, PAP (short for 6-(phthalimido)peroxyhexanoic acid) is used and this needs no activator or catalyst. 

Modem detergent products are complex mixtures of many different ingredients. Typical formulations consist of surfactants, builders, and other additives designed to maximize performance for the consumer while maintaining reasonable raw material and manufacturing costs. Typical detergent formulations contain multiple surfactant types to optimize performance and product stability.21,22 Performance additives such as bleaches, bleach activators,... 

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