Black raspberries, anthocyanins

In a recent work with healthy volunteers, black raspberry anthocyanins could be detected under their hydrolyzed aglycone form in the oral cavity, resulting from the activity of B-glycosidase derived both from bacteria and oral epithelial cells [40]. In the same study, parent anthocyanins and cyanidin-3-glucoside microbiota metabolite, protocatechuic acid, were detected in the saliva. Furthermore, saliva samples contained glucuronidated anthocyanin conjugates, consistent with intracellular uptake and phase II conversion of anthocyanins [40]. 

Malloy SR, Bndendorf DE, Larsen MP, Pei P, Traig M, Holpuch AS, Larsen PE, Stoner GD, Fields HW, Chan KK et al (2011) Effects of human oral mucosal tissue, saliva and oral microllora on intraraal metabolism and bioactivation of black raspberry anthocyanins. Cancer Prev Res 8 1209-1221... 

Sambubiose was less widespread, as a constituent of the major anthocyanins from red currants," elderberries," Davidson s plums, black raspberries, and small red beans, - and hnked to minor anthocyanins from agai " and Vaccinium padifolium blueberries. - Considering the anthocyanins identihed at least with MS, as far as we are concerned, this disaccharide was not reported in vegetables, cereals, or grains. 

Tian, Q. et al., Urinary excretion of black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) anthocyanins and their metabolites, J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 1467, 2006. 

The antioxidant activity of anthocyanins in the fruits and leaves from different cultivars of the thornless blackberry (Rubus sp.), red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa D.) was reported [54]. Studies on the ability of endothelial cells (EC) to incorporate anthocyanins and on the potential benefits against various oxidative stressors showed that the enrichment of EC with elderberry anthocyanins gave significant protective effects in the endothelial cells against the oxidative stressors, hydrogen peroxide, 2,2/-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, and iron(II) sulfate/ascorbic acid [55]. 

Anthocyanin Grape Straw- berry Cran- berry Marion- berry Blueberry Black Raspberry... 

The screening of red and black raspberries, highbush blueberries, and grapes for anthocyanins was reported by Tian et al. [28]. They apphed a combination of precmsor-ion and neutral-loss analysis mode, product-ion MS-MS, and SRM. The neutral-loss analysis enabled discrimination between glucosides/galactosides and arabinosides. 

Results of experimental and clinical studies indicate that eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables decreases the risk of developing various types of cancer, particularly those of the lungs and digestive tract. Experimentally, evidence for the anticancer effect of a whole-food diet has come from research previously discussed and from studies of freeze-dried black raspberries, a species of raspberry especially rich in anthocyanins shown to inhibit cancer in the rat esophagus by 30 to 60 percent and in the rat colon by nearly 80 percent. Black raspberries are a practical... 

Because cherries are rich in anthocyanins, they are often linked with potential to treat diseases associated with inflammation, the onset mechanisms of which are thought to be particularly sensitive to anthocyanins. Accordingly, anthocyanin-rich fruit, including cherries as well as other berries such as the black raspberry and red grape, is a focus for inflammation research. 

Due to the denser content of polyphenols, particularly deep purple anthocyanins, giving them an almost black color and sourness when ripe, black raspberries are less popular than their more common red raspberry cousins. Most varieties have a strong astringent (sour) flavor so are unlikely to become a favorite as fresh produce. 

Wang and Lin (2000) measured antioxidant activity (ORAC) and total phenolic and anthocyanin contents of thornless blackberry, strawberry and red and black raspberry fruits and found linear relationships between both ORAC and total phenolics and between ORAC and anthocyanins of ripe fruits. Spray-dried elderberry juice with high amounts of anthocyanin glucosides caused prolongation of the lag-phase for Cu-induced oxidation of human LDL, while the maximum oxidation rate remained unchanged (Abuja et al., 1998). For peroxyl-radical-driven LDL oxidation, however, both prolongation of lag time and reduction of maximum oxidation rate occurred. 

Dossett, M., Lee, J., Finn, C. E. Characterization of a novel anthocyanin profile in wild black raspberry mutants An opportunity for studying the genetic control of pigment and color. J. Funct. Foods 3, 207 -214, 2011. 

Stoner GD, Sardo C, Apseloff G, et al. Pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins and ellagic acid in healthy volunteers fed freeze-dried black raspberries daily for 7 days. JCIP. 2005 45 1153-1164. 

In pilot studies, supplementation of CRC patients with freeze-dried black raspberry (BRB) suppositories and/or oral BRB slurry or an anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract appeared to have a protective effect. " Over a... 

Wang LS, Kuo CT, Cho SJ, et al. Black raspberry-derived anthocyanins demethylate tumor suppressor genes through the inhibition of DNMTl and DNMT3B in colon cancer cells. Nutr Cancer. 2013 65(1) 118—125. 

Angiogenesis plays a critical role in the development of cancer. Liu et al. [39] have found that anthocyanins from black raspberry can reduce tumor development by inhibiting angiogenesis. 

Anthocyanins Blueberries, blackberries, black raspberries Antioxidant, anticancer, improve visual capacity and brain cognitive performance... 

Recently, two hiunan studies with black raspberries have been published. Coloreetal cancer patients were administered 60 g/day of freeze-dried powder for approximately 3 weeks (10-63 days). A daily dose of 60 g/day provided 1,669 mg of anthocyanins. Before and after the treatment with black raspberries, plasma levels of the cytokines IL-ip, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IFN-y, and TNF-a were measured. Berry administration increased plasma GM-CSF concentrations, and patients who ingested berries for more than 10 days also had decreased E.-8 plasma concentrations. An increase in IL-8 has been noted in colorectal carcinoma [38]. 

NF-kB and COX-2 is a common feature in many cancers, and blocking these proteins usually provides significant chemopreventive potential. Anthocyanins have exhibited anti-inflammatory effects in multiple cell t) es in vitro, through their ability to inhibit the mRNA and/or protein expression levels of COX-2, NF-kB, and various interleukins. Treatment of JB-6 C141 mouse epidermal cells with an anthocyanin-rich extract from black raspberries resulted in the downregulation of benzo(a) pyrene diol-epoxide (BaPDE)-induced NF-kB expression [41]. 

Table 111. Contribution of Important Anthocyanins to Antioxidant Activity in Blackberries Chester thornless). Blueberries (Sierra), Chokeberries (Wild), Cranberries (Ben Lear), Lingonberries (Amber land). Black Raspberries...

Anthocyanins are widespread in food plants, with an estimated worldwide consumption of 10000 tonnes from black grapes alone [53]. The anthocyanin content of many fruits and vegetables has been estimated by various methods (Table 16) [56-58]. The main sources of these plant pigments are fresh fruits such as cherries, plums, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, grapes, red currants and black currants. 

In other laboratory studies, anthocyanins, tannins, or other polyphenols from red grapes, black or red raspberries, blackberries, strawberries, cranberries, blueberries, goji berries (wolfberries), a ai berries, or pomegranates were shown to inhibit promotion and growth of premalignant cancer cells by the following specific mechanisms ... 

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