Raspberries anthocyanins

McDougall, G.J. et al.. Assessing potential bioavailability of raspberry anthocyanins using an in vitro digestion system, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 5896, 2005. 

Gonzalez-Barrio R, Edwards CA, Crozier A. Colonic catabolism of ellagitannins, ellagic acid, and raspberry anthocyanins In vivo and in vitro studies. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 39 1680-1688. 

Gonzalez-Barrio R, Borges G, Mullen W, Crozier A. Bioavailability of raspberry anthocyanins and ellagitannins following consumption of raspberries by healthy humans and subjects with an ileostomy. / Agric Food Chem. 2010 58 3933-3939. 

In a recent work with healthy volunteers, black raspberry anthocyanins could be detected under their hydrolyzed aglycone form in the oral cavity, resulting from the activity of B-glycosidase derived both from bacteria and oral epithelial cells [40]. In the same study, parent anthocyanins and cyanidin-3-glucoside microbiota metabolite, protocatechuic acid, were detected in the saliva. Furthermore, saliva samples contained glucuronidated anthocyanin conjugates, consistent with intracellular uptake and phase II conversion of anthocyanins [40]. 

Malloy SR, Bndendorf DE, Larsen MP, Pei P, Traig M, Holpuch AS, Larsen PE, Stoner GD, Fields HW, Chan KK et al (2011) Effects of human oral mucosal tissue, saliva and oral microllora on intraraal metabolism and bioactivation of black raspberry anthocyanins. Cancer Prev Res 8 1209-1221... 

Sambubiose was less widespread, as a constituent of the major anthocyanins from red currants," elderberries," Davidson s plums, black raspberries, and small red beans, - and hnked to minor anthocyanins from agai " and Vaccinium padifolium blueberries. - Considering the anthocyanins identihed at least with MS, as far as we are concerned, this disaccharide was not reported in vegetables, cereals, or grains. 

Strawberries and raspberries were submitted to high hydrostatic pressures from 200 to 800 mPa at 18 and 21°C, followed by storage at 4, 20, and 30°C. The greatest stability of the anthocyanins was observed in raspberries submitted to 200 mPa pressure followed by 800 mPa, both stored at 4°C. ... 

Mnllen, W., Lean, M.E.J., and Crozier, A., Rapid characterization of anthocyanins in red raspberry frnit hy high-performance liqnid chromatography coupled to single qnadrupole mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 966, 63, 2002. 

Suthanthangjai, W., Kajda, R, and Zabetakis, I., The effect of high hydrostatic pressure on the anthocyanins of raspberry (Rubus iudaeus). Food Chem., 90, 193, 2005. 

Boyles MI, Matthew J, Wrolstad RE and Ronald E. 1993. Anthocyanin composition of red raspberry juice Influences of cultivar, processing, and environmental factors. J Food Sci 58(5) 1135—1141. 

Fig. 2.106. Separation and identification of various anthocyanin red fruit juices a, grape b, blueberry c, raspberry and d, red currant. Mobile phase water-acetonitrile-formic acid (84 6 10, v/v). Abbreviations Dp delphidin, Cy cyanidin, Pt petunidin, Pn peonidin, Mv malvidin, glu glucose, gala galactose, ara arabinose, ruti rutinose, sopho sophorose, sam sambubiose, xyl xylose. Reprinted with permission from J.-P. Goiffon et al. [241].

Anthocyanins are widespread in food plants, with an estimated worldwide consumption of 10000 tonnes from black grapes alone [53]. The anthocyanin content of many fruits and vegetables has been estimated by various methods (Table 16) [56-58]. The main sources of these plant pigments are fresh fruits such as cherries, plums, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, grapes, red currants and black currants. 

Daravingas, G., and R.F. Cain. 1965. Changes in the anthocyanin pigments of raspberries during processing and storage. J. Food Sci. 30 400-405. 

The antioxidant activity of anthocyanins in the fruits and leaves from different cultivars of the thornless blackberry (Rubus sp.), red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa D.) was reported [54]. Studies on the ability of endothelial cells (EC) to incorporate anthocyanins and on the potential benefits against various oxidative stressors showed that the enrichment of EC with elderberry anthocyanins gave significant protective effects in the endothelial cells against the oxidative stressors, hydrogen peroxide, 2,2/-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, and iron(II) sulfate/ascorbic acid [55]. 

Sun, Y. Liao, X. Wang, Z. Hu, X. Chen, F. 2007. Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of anthocyanins in red raspberries and identification of anthocyanin of extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Eur. Food Res. Tech. 225 511-523. 

Hager, A. Howard, L.R. Prior, R.L. Brownmiller, C. 2008a. Processing and storage effects on monomeric anthocyanins, percent polymeric color, and antioxidant capacity of processed blaek raspberry products. J. Food Sci. 73 H134-140. 

Tian, Q. Giusti, M.M. Stoner, G.D. Schwartz, S.J. 2006. Urinary excretion of black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) anthocyanins and their metabolites. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54 1467-1472. 

Anthocyanin Grape Straw- berry Cran- berry Marion- berry Blueberry Black Raspberry... 

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