Anthocyanins in blueberry

Prior RL, Lazarus SA, Cao G, Muccitelli H and Hammerstone JF. 2001. Identification of procyanidins and anthocyanins in blueberries and cranberries (Vaccinium spp.) using high-performance liquid chromatog-raphy/mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 49(3) 1270-1276. 

Tooth discoloration is mostly the result of colored substances in foods and drinks that embed themselves over time in the calcium phosphate that makes up the tooth s outer coating, the enamel. Tannins in tea and coffee, anthocyanins in blueberries. 

It could be clearly shown that pectinases increase the total content of anthocyanins in blueberry extracts up to 41% higher and in blackcurrant extracts up to 29%. On the other hand, a survey conducted for the enzyme preparation Econase CE showed a negative impact on the total content of anthocyanins extracted from blueberries, whereas no effect could be determined in black currant [117, 121]. 

Lohachoompol, V., 8rzednicki, G., and Craske, J. 2004. Change of total anthocyanins in blueberries and their antioxidant effect after drying and freezing. Journal ofBiomedicine and Biotechnology, 5, 248-252. 

Wang, J. et al.. Comparison between HPLC and MALDI-TOE-MS analysis of anthocyanins in high bush blueberries, J. Agric. Food Chem., 48, 3330, 2000. 

Andres-Lacueva, C. et al., Anthocyanins in aged blueberry-fed rats are found centrally and may enhance memory, Nutr. NeuroscL, 8, 111, 2005. 

Wu, X., Cao, G., and Prior, R.L., Absorption and metabolism of anthocyanins in elderly women after consumption of elderberry or blueberry, J. Nutr, 132,1865, 2002. Matsumoto, H. et al.. Orally administered delphinidin 3-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside are directly absorbed in rats and humans and appear in the blood as the intact forms, J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 1546, 2001. 

Mazza G, Kay CD, Cottrell T and Holub B J. 2002. Absorption of anthocyanins from blueberries and serum antioxidant status in human subjects. J Agric Food Chem 50(26) 7731-7737. 

MALDI-TOF-MS has been used to identify and quantify other anthocyanins in foods.When the anthocyanin content of highbush blueberries at different stages of anthocyanin formation were analyzed by both HPLC and MALDI-TOF-MS, it was found that both techniques provided comparable quantitative anthocyanin profiles. While HPLC could distinguish anthocyanin isomers, MALDI-TOF-MS proved to be more rapid. MALDI-TOF-MS has also been used to identify the isoflavones in soy samples. In a comparison of several matrices, 2, 4, 6 -trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid... 

L Gao, G Mazza. Quantitation and distribution of simple and acylated anthocyanins and other phenolics in blueberries. J Food Sci 59 1057-1059, 1994. 

Anthocyanins occur in abundance in berries where they provide the fruits with their distinctive and vibrant palate of colors. Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpori), blackberry, and elderberry (Sambucus nigra) contain derivatives of only one type of anthocyanin (i.e., cyanidin), while a wide array of anthocyanins is found in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) and blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) (Fig. 1.21). 

Blueberries contain condensed tannins that help prevent urinary tract infections. Blueberries contain Anthocyanin (which is responsible for its deep blue color), which is a flavonoid, a plant antioxidant (see Chapter 8 and Chapter 31). Flavonoids such as anthocyanin found in blueberries have a different chemical structure compared to other common antioxidants such as vitamin C, which makes them three to four times more potent. Antioxidants neutralize the effects of free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can attack human cells and damage their DNA. 

In an additional study reported by Wu et al., six women were given 189 g lowbush blueberry (BB), which provided a total of 690 mg of anthocyanins. In five of six subjects fed BB, urine samples contained five to eight different anthocyanins, all of which were identified as being present in the blueberries consumed. Plasma... 

FIGURE 3.11 HPLC chromatogram (a) and ESMS spectrum (b) of anthocyanins in highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum var. Bluecrop) extracts. The anthocyanins were isolated by solid-phase extraction of C-18 cartridges with acidified methanol—cartridges had previously been washed with acidified water and by ethyl acetate. Peak identities for both the HPLC chromatogram and ESMS spectrum correspond to numbers in Table 3.5. [Source Skrede et al. (2000a), with permission.]... 

Anthocyanin compounds have been reported to exhibit antioxidative (Pool-Zobel et al, 1999 Tsuda et al, 1996), antimutagenic (Yoshimoto et al, 1999, 2001), antidiabetic (Jayaprakasam et al, 2005 Matsui et al, 2002), and anticarcinogenic (Hou et al, 2004 Kamei et al, 1995) activities. Although anthocyanins in red-fleshed kiwifruit offer potential health benefits, those benefits should not be overestimated because anthocyanin concentrations in kiwifruit are only 10% or less than those in whole blueberry fruits (Montefiori et al, 2005). Instead, the principal benefit of these pigments in red-fleshed kiwifruit is aesthetic, to foster commercial appeal. Attractiveness of Hongyang fruit was actually evidenced by an experimental market method (Jaeger and Marker, 2005), which showed that consumers were willing to pay a considerable price premium for the fruit. 

Tomato Snap dragon/ overexpression E8/ Rosl + Del Rosea 1 + Delila TFs that activate biosynthesis of Higher anthocyanin in pericarp anthocyanin comparable to blackberries and blueberries [77]... 

Belkacemi K, Nicoue EE, Savard S (2007) Anthocyanins in wild blueberries of quebec ... 

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