Biphenyl, sulfonation

Miscellaneous routes to dibenzothiophene include ring closure of the disulfide (35) with iodine (64%),treatment of biphenyl sulfone with... 

Experiments indicate that the critical strain-to-failure is also affected by the average molecular weight and by material processing history. McGrath40 reported strain-to-break of a non-crystalline ionomer (a poly(arylene-ether) random copolymer, biphenyl sulfone in H form, or bi-phenyl sulfone in H form (BPSH)) is proportional to the length of the chain. We found in our laboratory that the casting procedure also affects the strain-to-break of the solution-cast ionomer film. As shown in Fig. 19, a Nation film cast at near room... 

This method is a modification of that of Buckles, Hausman, and Wheeler.2 4,4 -Dibromobiphenyl has also been prepared by the bromination of biphenyl in water,3 carbon disulfide,4 and glacial acetic acid 6 by the bromination of a mixture of biphenyl-sulfonic acids in dilute sulfuric acid 6 by the action of sodium carbonate on the perbromide obtained from the reaction of di-azotized benzidine with bromine water 7 and by passing />-di-bromobenzene vapor through a red-hot tube.8... 

Figure 1. Polarization curves showing comparison of performance at 80°C of CCMs prepared from Nafion 112 and biphenyl sulfone (BPSH-30, 2.6 mil thick) membranes. Catalyst loading 0.2 mg/cm Pt anode, 0.4 mg/cm cathode.

An elegant synthesis method which is specific to sulfone polymers containing phenyl—phenyl linkages (such as PPSF) is the nickel-catalysed coupling of aryl dihahdes. The scheme for this synthesis involves a two-step process. First, an aromatic dihaUde intermediate is formed which carries the backbone features of the desired polymer. This aromatic dihahde intermediate is then self-coupled in the presence of sero-valent nickel, triphenylphosphine, and excess sine to form the biphenyl- or terphenyl-containing polymer. AppHcation of this two-step scheme to PPSF can be depicted as follows ... 

Minor Uses. Small amounts of benzene find use in production of benzene-sulfonic acid. y -Benzenedisulfonic acid is used to produce resorcinol [108-46-3] (1,3-dihydroxybenzene). Benzene is thermally dimerized to yield biphenyl [92-52-4] Benzene can also be converted... 

Although the sulfone activated biphenyl and the ketone activated naphthalene moiety for the displacement polymerization have been reported by Attwood et al. [11], these were rediscovered by Cummings et al. [12] and Hergenrother et al. [13], respectively, for the synthesis of poly(aryl ethers). Recently, Singh and Hay [14] reported polymers containing 0-dibenzoyl benzene (1,2,3) moiety by reaction between bis(O-fluorobenzoyl) benzene or substituted benzene with bisphenates of alkali metal salt in DMAC as follows ... 

In the radiolysis of diphenyl sulfone, the yield of S02 shows marked deviation from linearity as a function of the dose. For higher doses it appears that S02 yield is 2-3 times less than the biphenyl yield of 0.05. The authors suggested that not all of the S02 was detected and that a significant amount was trapped in the irradiated crystals. After... 

Generally, higher catalyst concentration leads to side reactions. An efficient approach to minimize the side reactions is to use the minimum amounts of Friedel-Crafts catalyst (e.g., FeCl3, 0.1-4 wt%). The reaction can be performed either in bulk or in solution using, for example, nitrobenzene, dimethyl sulfone, or chlorinated biphenyls as the reaction media. 

FIGURE 2.2 Transformation of (a) 5-aminonaphthalene-2-sulfonate, (b) benzo[fc]thiophene, (c) 4-chloro-biphenyl, (d) 4-nitrotoluene, (e) 3,5-dichlor-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol, (f) 2,3-diaminonaphthalene in presence of nitrate, and (g) 3,4-dichloroaniline presence of nitrate. 

PLE pressurized liquid extraction, SPE solid phase extraction, UE ultrasonic extraction, DSPE dispersive solid phase extraction, SBSE stir bar sorptive extraction, TD-GC-MS thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, LAS linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, CDEAs coconut diethanol amides, NPEOs nonylphenol ethoxylates, DP degradation products, SPC sulphenyl carboxylates, PCDD dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), PCDF dibenzofurans, PCBs biphenyls... 

Rhodococcus sp. Strain T09 A Rhodococcus strain T09 was isolated by enrichment on media-containing BT. The desulfurization mechanism of this organism was reported to be similar to Gordonia sp. 213E due to the observation of similar intermediates however, the substrate specificity was different. The strain T09 could use 2-methyl, 3-methyl and 5-methyl BT apart from BT as sole source of sulfur for growth, but not 7-methyl or ethyl derivatives. Additionally, it could also use methyl thiobenzothiazole, marcaptobenzothiazole, as well as benzene sulfide, benzene sulfonate, biphenyl sulfinate, dimethyl sulfate, dimethyl sulfone, dimethyl sulfide, methane sulfonic acid, thiophene, and taurine as sole sulfur sources. However, it could not grow on DBT or DBT sulfone. 

Damerud, P.O., I. Brandt, E. Klasson-Wehler, A. Bergman, R. d Argy, L. Denker, and G.O. Sperber. 1986. 3,3, 4,4 -Tetrachloro[14C]-biphenyl in pregnant mice enrichment of phenol and methyl sulfone metabolites in late gestational fetuses. Xenobiotica 16 295-306. 

A substantial intramolecular protective effect by phenyl groups in polymers is shown by the low G values for Hz and crosslinking in polystyrene (substituent phenyl) and in polyarylene sulfones (backbone phenyl), as well as many other aromatic polymers. The relative radiation resistance of different aromatic groups in polymers has not been extensively studied, but appears to be similar, except that biphenyl provides increased protection. Studies on various poly(amino acid)s indicate that the phenol group is particularly radiation resistant. 

The quantitative environmental analysis of surfactants, such as alcohol ethoxylates, alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs), is complicated by the presence of a multitude of isomers and oligomers in the source mixtures (see Chapter 2). This issue bears many similarities to the quantitation problems that have occurred with halogenated aromatic compound mixtures, e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) [1]. 

Principally, one commercially available sulfonated diamine (4,4 -diamino-2,2 -biphenyl disulfonic acid) has been used to synthesize sulfonated polyimides. In addition to the commercially available diamine, several novel sulfonated diamines incorporating flexible or kinked structures have been prepared in Okamoto s lab. " The chemical structures and names of all five diamines are shown in Figure 23. 

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