Biphenyl 4-chloro

FIGURE 2.2 Transformation of (a) 5-aminonaphthalene-2-sulfonate, (b) benzo[fc]thiophene, (c) 4-chloro-biphenyl, (d) 4-nitrotoluene, (e) 3,5-dichlor-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol, (f) 2,3-diaminonaphthalene in presence of nitrate, and (g) 3,4-dichloroaniline presence of nitrate. 

Sylvestre M, R Masse, F Messier, J Fauteux, J-G Bisaillon, R Beaudet (1982) Bacterial nitration of 4-chloro-biphenyl. Appl Environ Microbiol 44 871-877. 

Blasco R, M Mallavarapn, R-M Wittich, KN Timmis, DH Pieper (1997) Evidence that formation of proto-anemonin from metabolites of 4-chlorobiphenyl degradation negatively affects the survival of 4-chloro-biphenyl-cometabolizing microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 427-434. 

The partial rate factors for the substitution reactions of biphenyl, with the exception of a few observations, are on a firm experimental basis. The chlorination of biphenyl was examined on several occasions (de la Mare et al., 1958a Beaven et al., 1961 Mason, 1959 Dewar and Mole, 1957). There are significant differences in the reported values for the rate relative to benzene. A recent careful examination of the products (Beaven et al., 1961) indicated the formation of 2- and 4-chloro-biphenyl in 76.5% yield with 17.5% of the residual chlorine consumed via addition processes. The partial rate factors presented in the table are corrected on this basis. Two early studies of the nitration of biphenyl with acetyl nitrate in acetic anhydride yield rate data in poor agreement (Dewar et al., 1956 Simamura and Mizuno, 1957). A recent re-examination of the problem (Billings and Norman, 1961) yielded partial rate factors (ofh = 36.4 = 32.6) confirming the results... 

Aryl ethers in the presence of a solvent can be preferentially halo-genated in the nucleus. Thus, anisole with phosphorus pentabromide or with iodine monochlotide yields p-bromoanisole (90%) and p-iodo-anisole (46%), respectively. Phosphorus pentachloride has also been used for the halogenation of the nucleus as in the preparation of 4-chloro-biphenyl ether (90%). The action of this reagent with aliphatic and aryl-aliphatic ethers is very complex, giving both cleavage and halogenation products. ... 

Obtained by Fries rearrangement of 2-acetoxy-4 -chloro-biphenyl with aluminium chloride at 150° for 30 min (26%) [3513]. 

Ahmad D, M Sylvestre, M Sondossi (1991) Subcloning of bph genes from Pseudomonas testosteroni B-356 in Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia colt evidence for dehalogenation during initial attack on chloro-biphenyls. Appl Environ Microbiol 57 2880-2887. 

Table II gives estimated properties of a series of chloro-biphenyls and are average values for each chlorine number group of...

The base biphenyl has 10 hydrogen atoms four of them (2, 6, 2, 6 ) are near the bridge and are named the a positions, four of them (3, 5, 3, 5 ) are away from the bridge and are named the p positions, and two of them (4, 4 ) are opposite the bridge and are named the y positions. There are three forms for mono-chloro biphenyl, depending on the position of the chlorine atom, and they each have different properties. The PCBs are a set of 210 compounds with 0 to 10 chlorine atoms in a molecule. Monsanto made them under the trade name Aroclor, and they came in a number of mixtures the light Araclor 1221 is basically mono- and di-chloro, the medium Aroclor 1248 is principally tri-, tetra- and penta-chloro, and the heavy Aroclor 1260 is principally hexa- and hepta-chloro. We are concerned with the transportation and concentration of these chemicals, particularly in fish and humans, which are controlled by the three parameters of vapor pressure (breathe in air), solubility in water (drink water), and octanol-water partitions (accumulation in fat). 

AROCLOR 1232 AROCLOR 1242 AROCLOR 1248 AROCLOR 1254 AROCLOR 1260 AROCLOR 1262 AROCLOR 1268 AROCLOR 2565 AROCLOR 4465 AROCLOR 5442 BIPHENYL, POLYCHLORO- CHLOPHEN CHLOREXTOL CHLORINATED BIPHEN1X CHLORINATED DIPHENYL CHLORINATED DIPHENYLENE CHLORO BIPHENYL... 

CHLORO BIPHENYL see PJL750 CHLORO 1,1-BIPHENYL see PJL750... 

It has been observed that the incorporation of lipophilic chains into vancomycin can increase the potency of the dmg [159,160,161,162]. This is best exemplified by the observation that teicoplanin retains activity against some vancomycin-resistant bacterial strains. In one early study directed at improving the efficacy of these antibiotics, Ge et al. investigated the mechanism of action of a chloro-biphenyl derivative of vancomycin that showed activity against resistant bacteria [163]. The sulfoxide method of glycosylation was utilized to achieve the desired modification of the gluco-vancomycin precursor (O Scheme 28). 

Calculated ratios for several chloroblpbenyls are given in Tables V and VI. Values greater than 1.0 indicate that the chloro-biphenyl is enriched in that segment of the ecosystem being sampled, relative to No. 153. Values less than 1 Indicate the opposite and values close to 1 indicate that the chlorobiphenyl has a biogeochemical behavior close to that of No. 153. There are groupings of chloroblpbenyls in all three categories (>1, % 1, < 1), (Tables V and VI). 

This may be due to specificity of metabolism of certain chloro-biphenyls by species specific enzyme systems. 

Duinker, J.C., D.E. Schulz, and G. Petrick. 1991. Analysis and interpretation of chloro-biphenyls possibilities and problems. Chemosphere 23 1009-1028. 

An example of the NIH shift occurs during the transformation of 2-chloro-biphenyl to 2-hydroxy-3-chlorobiphenyl by a methanotroph, and is consistent with the formation of an intermediate arene oxide (Adriaens 1994). The... 

Zhang, S. and J.F. Rusling (1996). Evaluation of microemulsions of cationic surfactants and a polyoxyethylene cosurfactant for electrolytic dechlorinations of chloro-biphenyls. / Colloid Interf. Sci. 182(2), 558-563. 

A chloro biphenyl vancomycin derivative that has Considerably higher potency than vancomycin it is curremly undergoing testing by Ell Lilly as a vancomycin alternative see Chapter 12. 

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