Biorenewable materials

Hu S Q, Jiang T, Zhang Z F, et al. Functional ionic liquid from biorenewable materials Synthesis and application as a catalyst in direct aldol reactions. Tetrahedron Lett. 2007. 48, 5613-5617. 

Production of motor fnel alternatives from biomass materials is an important application area of biotechnological methods. Table 4.4 shows the potential and available motor fnels. Biorenewable motor fnel alternatives are ... 

Biorenewable Resources No.l, supplement to INFORM International News on Fats Oils and Related Materials (2006) 7. 

The need for high performance biodegradable materials will grow in the future. New developments in this field must reconcile the need to identify new, inexpensive, and biorenewable sources of monomer and the possibility of converting them into biodegradable materials with comparable properties with the ubiquitous polyolefins. Metal-based catalysts for ROP of strained esters are an excellent tool in reaching this goal. 

Cellulose, which is found in plant walls, is the most abundant raw material on Earth. Millions of pounds of this biorenewable polymer are produced every year. The total worldwide consumption of cellulosic fibers in 1998 was 4817 million pounds [1]. Cellulose is plentiful, inexpensive, and biodegradable. It is capable of producing a number of fibrous products with excellent properties whose utility extends into numerous end uses and industries. Cellulose is an excellent source of textile fibers, for both the commodity and the high-end, fashion-oriented markets. A common example is rayon. In addition, cellulose provides fibers for industrial end uses requiring strong, tough fibers. A common example is fibers used in tire cord. 

The demand for better fuel efficiency based on the strict governmental regulations on safety and emission has led to the wide application of composites and plastics in the automotive industry in the place of the traditionally used steels [32]. Thermoplastic materials reinforced with natural fibers have reported to have excellent mechanical properties, recycling properties, etc. [33-36]. Several natural and biorenewable fibers such as wheat, isora, soybean, kenaf, straw, jute, and sisal are used in the fiber/plastic composite industry, and the use of namral fibers as reinforcements for composite has attracted many industries [37, 38]. Compared to polymer resin, polymer biocomposites that are reinforced with natural fibers have many applications due to its ease of processing, comparatively lower cost, and excellent mechanical properties [39]. For more than a decade, European car manufacturers and suppliers have been using natural fiber-based composites with thermoplastic and thermoset matrices. These biocomposites and bionanocomposites... 

The first part of this chapter is intended to survey recent literature on new catalytic materials because the development of new types of metal oxides and layered- and carbon-based materials with different morphologies opens up novel acid-base catalysis that enables new type of clean reaction technologies. Mechanistic considerations of acid- and base-catalyzed reactions should result in new clean catalytic processes for Green and Sustainable Chemistry, for example, transformations of biorenewable feedstock into value-added chemicals and fuels [21-35]. The latter part of this chapter, therefore, focuses on biomass conversion using solid acid and base catalysts, which covers recent developments on acid-base, one-pot reaction systems for carbon-carbon bond formations, and biomass conversion including synthesis of furfurals from sugars, biodiesel production, and glycerol utilization. 

Bioethylene and green PE is one of the successful biorefinery processes. To compete with PE produced from oil resources, the green PE process must be improved and developed continuously. The efficient process improvement requires much knowledge and technology so that ethanol can be manufactured at low-cost from nonfood resources improvements are especially needed in the areas of cellulose pretreatment technology, fundamental ethanol dehydration chemistry, process and equipment development, the performance enhancement of downstream products, and so on. The successful operation of green PE industrial equipment has opened up a new era for bio-based materials, and will accelerate the quick development of the biorefinery industry. The experience developed during this process will be very important for the utilization of biorenewable resources. 

Different kinds of biobased polymeric materials are available all around the globe. These biobased materials are procured from different biorenewable resources. Chapters 2-10 primarily focus on the use of different types of lignocellulosic fiber-reinforced composites, starting from wood fibers to hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Chapter 3 summarizes some of the recent research on different lignocellulosic fiber-reinforced polymer composites in the Southeast region of the world, while Chapter 6 summarizes the research on some typical Brazilian lignocellulosic fiber composites. The polymers obtained from biopolymers are frequently referred to as biobased... 

University of Alabama s Professor Rogers has invented a method that allows cellulose to be (1) chemically modified to make new biorenewable or biocompatible materials (2) mixed with other substances, such as dyes or (3) simply processed directly from solution into a formed shape. ... 

Professor Rogers s technology combines two major principles of green chemistry developing environmentally preferable solvents, and using biorenewable feedstocks to form advanced materials. Professor Rogers has found that cellulose from virtually any source (fibrous. 

The first approach involved the amide formation with the 10-undecanoic acid (3) and the diamine 4 to create the monomer 5 which was then polymerized further by metathesis, as shown in Figure 14.6. A second approach to the synthesis of polyamide Nylon involved forming the polymer using the diacid 6, which was polymerized with the aliphatic diamine 4 in the presence of strong bases. Both these methods were able to use the biorenewable starting material and a metathesis step, and both led to the production of the unsaturated PAX, 20 polyamide [39]. Overall, Meier and coworkers found that the synthesis of the diacid first, followed by polymerization with TBD (1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-l-ene), was the most efficient route and had some advantages over classical methods, such as avoiding the use of an acid chloride. 

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