Biotechnological methods

Approaches to the fundamental need to shift from fossil to renewable feedstocks for chemicals production wiU range from modifications to, and developments of, traditional chemical, engineering and biotechnological methods (that maybe implemented on a relatively short timescale, say, 10-15 years) to much more radical processes (such as direct capture of solar energy, through artificial photosynthesis), requiring longer time to implement (say 15-30 years). 

The enzymes of WRF will play a significant role for the working of treatment processes. As a result, the mechanical equipments will be reduced and also preinvestment expenses will drop. The biotechnological methods presented in this work will be expected to reduce the operational cost. 

Production of motor fnel alternatives from biomass materials is an important application area of biotechnological methods. Table 4.4 shows the potential and available motor fnels. Biorenewable motor fnel alternatives are ... 

Koca U (2007) Elevation of the flavonoid content in grapefruit by introducing chalcone isomerase gene via biotechnological methods. Turk J Pharm Sci 4(3) 115-124... 

University of Minnesota Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database (umbbd.ahc.umn.edu) can be used to predict biodegradation pathways and biodegradation metabolites. Approximately two-thirds of the hazardous substances mentioned in the CERCLA Priority List of Hazardous Substances can be treated by different biotechnological methods. 

Liquid and solid wastes containing heavy metals may be successfully treated by biotechnological methods. The effects of microorganisms on metals are described below. 

Deschamps, A. M. Biotechnological methods for valorization of bark wastes. Int. Symp. Wood Pulp. Chem., Vancouver, 1985, 183-184. 

Nonconventional methods. Novel biotechnological methods are needed to control aflatoxin contamination since conventional methods are only partially... 

Janis, L.J, P.M. Kovach, R.M. Riggin, and JK. Towns, Protein liquid chromatographic analysis in biotechnology. Methods Enzymol, 1996. 271 86-113. 

The traditional microbiological methods are very time consuming and sometimes limited concerning their interpretation. For that reason fast analysis methods as well as automated methods have been developed the latter are often used in specialised microbiological laboratories. During the last few years more and more modern biotechnological methods have been implemented into quality control, for example the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or more recently the polymerase chain reaction, which allows the detection of very specific microorganisms. 

Table 23.1 Driving forces to use biotechnological methods for flavour production (adapted from [270]) ...

Table 23.2 summarises the main issues of microbial flavour production and how they may be addressed by biotechnological methods. 

On the international level, we distinguish IUPAC, ISO, and the AOAC International. All three bodies develop validation and standardization frameworks for analytical chemistry. AOAC International introduced the AOAC Peer Verified Methods Program [62]. Different harmonized guidelines and protocols are developed by the IUPAC, ISO, and AOAC International together [4,8,63-67], in addition to a number of ISO standards [68-71]. The FDA, USP, and ICH developed guidelines specific for pharmaceutical and biotechnological methods [55,72-74]. 

Gluconacetobacter xylinus to optimize cellulose formation on the laboratory-scale [12]. As a result of systematic and comprehensive research over the last 10-15 years, broad knowledge of the formation and structure of BC has been acquired. This work is an important part of the integration of biotechnological methods into polysaccharide chemistry and the development of cellulose products with new properties and application potential. 

Avermectin is produced by biotechnological methods with the aid of Streptomyces avermitilis. 

This review deals with the most relevant categories of products prepared by biotechnological methods. 

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