Reaction technology

If a reduced catalyst is required, a final reduction step is carried ouf af fhe end of fhe preparation. Possible reducing agenfs, such as hydrogen, formaldehyde, hydrazine, sodium formate, or sodium boron hydride, can be used. Care has fo be faken since fhese reducing agenfs are potentially hazardous materials, and safe handling is required. 

The reactor in which chemical reactions lake place is fhe mosl imporlanl piece of equipmenl in each chemical planl. A variety of reactors are used in induslry, bul all of Ihem can be assigned to cerlain basic types or a combination of fhese ideal reactors [53] (1) bafch slirred-lank reactor, (2) continuous slirred-lank reactor, and (3) lubular reactor. The ideal slirred-lank bafch reactor is characterized by complete mixing, while in the ideal tubular reactor, plug flow is assumed. In contrast to the stirred-tank batch reactor with well-defined residence time, the continuous stirred-tank reactor has a very broad residence-time distribution. In 

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Sulzer Chemtech (2006) Mixing and Reaction Technology, Sulzer Chemtech, Winterthur. 

Selectivity (individual impurity) and optical purity of the batch and micro-reaction technology (MRT) processes for (S)-2-acetyl tetrahydro ran synthesis... 

Micro-reaction technology can be one of the tools that process intensification may use [5]. Hence chemical micro processing and process intensification have a share, where the former supplies devices for the latter concept or purpose. However, both chemical micro processing and process intensification also cover imique aspects that the other field does not comprise. 

Accordingly, it is valid to claim the joint onset of micro-reaction technology in 1995 and to try to name those who were the pathfinders in this development (see, e.g., [3] for a description of such an opinion). Regarding the birth of micro-reaction... 

A similar overview of German activities in 1998 is provided in [65]. The German working party on micro-reaction technology is presented, a federal funding program is introduced, and three top-priority research projects are presented. They show the activities at the edge of acceptance by industry. 

There is common agreement that with the aid of micro reactors, process development can be speeded up considerably [5]. First industrial examples on the implementation of micro-reaction technology for pilot-scale and production seem to con-... 

The main achievement of Schwalbe et al. is to have initiated such considerations in micro-reaction technology, known in conventional chemistry for decades, and to have pointed out the theoretical value of such reaction mechanism-based organic micro-reactor processing [81],... 

Micro-reaction technology has just left its infancy and started commercialization. Consequently, we do not know about the social response to micro reactors in general, i.e. the micro-reactor control circuif in the sense outlined above has not yet developed, but we do know something of the response of chemical industry and customers to what the micro-reactor offers. 

Concerning such user-supplier relationships, see also [102] for IMM s view on the role of strategic alliances in the field of micro-reaction technology. 

Fine-chemical companies have definitely shown interest in micro-reaction technology (see also the commitment in [137]) and have formed their own task forces for this purpose. The increasing number of patents is further proof of the beginning commercial use of micro reactors (see, e.g., [318-321]). 

Relationship of and Difference between of PI and Micro-reaction Technology 14... 

The LCA methodology has been used by Krahsch and Kreisel to investigate the pros and cons of micro-reaction technology at the stage of process development. The motivation for this study was the question whether ecological improvements can be expected for the chosen model reaction performed in the micro-structured device Cytos produced by CPC Systems GmbH, Germany. Such improvements were the premise for the construction of a continuously operated pilot plant based on Cytos micro-reactors. 

Within case study 1, the applicability and benefits of LCA during process development were demonstrated. Although not all parameter specifications of the alternative reaction technologies under investigation could be determined at this early stage, a range of helpful... 

Products of catalytic RCM were formerly not attainable by any other means, or in such a selective and efficient manner. With these unsaturated substrates easily accessible, myriad reaction technologies have emerged that involve the regio - and stereoselective functionalization of such adducts. In the absence of catalytic RCM, these processes would either remain undeveloped or would be, for the most part, categorized as interesting but unpractical methods in synthesis. 

This review article offers an overview of stereo- and regioselective processes, developed in our laboratories, that are carried out in conjunction with various catalytic RCM reactions. As mentioned above, several reaction technologies involve stereoselective functionalization of the RCM products, and others were developed such that subsequent reactions effected by a metathesis catalyst promote the formation of the desired target molecules selectively and efficiently. 

Watts P, Wiles C (2007) Recent advances in synthetic micro reaction technology. Chem Commun 5 443 167... 

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