Biomonitoring

A second approach to exposure analysis is biomonitoring, in which members of a population suspected to have been exposed to a toxic chemical donate tissue samples such as blood, urine, or hair, and the samples are analyzed in a state-certified testing 

Essentials of Toxic Chemical Risk Science and Society 

More research is needed to understand the long-term implications of the body burdens of multiple toxic chemicals that biomonitoring studies have revealed are present in every person in the world and in many species of wildlife. Better understanding of the relationship between chemical body burdens and disease would make it possible to use biomonitoring data to assess risk. It is up to national governments to decide if and how the qualitative information provided by biomonitoring studies is to be incorporated into risk-management policies (Chapter 10). 

---

W. P. Davis and S.A. Bortone, Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology Volume XXL Chemically-Induced Alterations in Sexual and Eunctional Development The Wildlife/Human Connection, ed. T. Colborn and C. Clement, Princeton Scientific, New Jersey, 1992, p. 113. D.L. MacLatchy, Z. Yao, L. Tremblay and G.J. Van Der Kraak, in Proceedings of the 5th International Symposinm on Reprodnctive Physiology of Eish, University of Texas, Austin, 1997, p. 189. P. E. Gibbs and G. W. Bryan, in Biomonitoring of Coastal Waters and Estuaries, ed. K. J. M. Kramer, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994, p. 205. 

TABLE 5.23 Biomonitoring Serves Three Different Purposes of Identifying and Using... 

Besser JM, Brumbaugh WG, May TW, Schmitt CJ (2007) Biomonitoring of lead, zinc, and cadmium in streams draining lead-mining and non-mining areas. Southeast Missouri, USA. Environ Monit Assess 129 227... 

De Ferrari M, Artuso M, Bonassi S, et al. 1991. Cytogenic biomonitoring of an Italian population exposed to pesticides Chromosome aberration and sister-chromatid exchange analysis in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mutat Res 260 105-113. 

Gomez-Arroyo S, Diaz-Sanchez Y, Meneses-Perez MA, et al. 2000. Cytogenetic biomonitoring in a Mexican floriculture worker group exposed to pesticides. Mutat Res 466 117-124. 

Hansen ME, Wilson BW. 1999. Oxime reactivation of RBC acetylcholinesterases for biomonitoring. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 37 283-289. 

Bioassays can be used for cost-effective biomonitoring and rapid screening of environmental samples to detect the presence of mixtures of toxic chemicals and to identify hot spots. 

Persoone, G.G., Janssen, C., and De Coen, W. (2000). New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring. New York Kluwer. 

Rattner, B.A., Melancon, M.J., and Custer, T.W. et al. (1993). Biomonitoring environmental contamination with pipping black-crowned night heron embryos induction of cytochrome P450. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12, 1719-1732. 

Burger and Gochfeld (2000c, 2004) list key features of a biomonitoring plan that fulfill requirements of biological, methodological, or societal relevance. These attribntes are further discussed in Sections 5.4 and 5.8. 

Desirable characteristics of candidate biomonitor species and ranking according to characteristic... 

Burger J, Gochfeld M. 1997. Risk, mercury levels, and birds relating adverse laboratory effects to field biomonitoring. Environ Res 75 160-172. 

Leonzio C, Massi A. 1989. Metal biomonitoring in bird eggs. A critical experiment. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 43 402 06. 

Quevauviller Ph, Herzig R. and Muntau H (1996b) Certified reference material of lichen (CRM 482) for the quality control of trace element biomonitoring. Sci Total Environ 187 143-152 Quevauviller Ph, Lachica M., Barahona E, Rauret G, Ure A, Gomez A, and Muntau H (1997) The certification of the EDTA-extractable contents (mass fractions) of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn and of the DTPA-extractable contents (mass fractions) of Cd and Ni in calcareous soil by the extraction procedures given CRM 600. EUR Report 17555 Quevauviller Ph. Maier EA, and Griepink B, eds. (1995) Quality Assurance for Environmental Analysis. Elsevier. Amsterdam. 

Mackey EA, Demiralp R, Fitzpatrick KA, Porter BJ, Wise SA, Becker PR and Greenberg RR (1999) Quality assurance in analysis of cryogenically stored liver tissue specimens from the NIST National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank (NBSB). Sci Total Environ 226 165-176. 

IAEA efforts related to both CRMs and others, such as hair for total mercury and methyl mercury (prepared in India), and lichen for multi-element certification (prepared in Portugal) to assist biomonitoring programs in Brazil, Chile, China, Czech Republic, India, Italy, Malaysia, Slovenia, and Vietnam,... 

The following methods serve as typical examples of immunoassay-based analytical methods applied to biomonitoring, environmental, and crop tissue analyses. Each method utilized a commercially available immunoassay kit that was combined with sample extraction and cleanup steps as part of an overall residue method. These methods can serve as models for resolution of similar problems. 

In natural conditions, Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton pectinatus L. have been found to be effective adsorbents of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II). The adsorption percentage of the metals onto plant surfaces followed the pattern Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Cd(II). P. pectinatus biomass adsorbed a higher content of heavy metals than C. demersum. According to the results, both species are of interest in the phytoremediation and biomonitoring studies of polluted waters.122... 

Lotti, M. (1987) Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy in humans perspectives for biomonitoring, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 8 176-177. 

Biomonitoring Urine collection of 12-hr samples over a 6-day period (-1, 0,1, 2, 3, 4 days)... 

The described method of simultaneously measuring the total absorbed dose by passive dosimetry and biomonitoring shows excellent reproducibility over a range of four states, six worker types, and a range of 84 test replicates (one replicate = one volunteer). 

Collectively, the data from Table 7 and Figures 1 through 3 lead to the conclusion that concurrent biomonitoring and passive dosimetry techniques can be achieved and are not divergent worker exposure assessment methods. The correlation between exposure levels measured by these methods is quite good. 

Assessments of risks associated with the use of chlorpyrifos insecticide products for workers have been made. The assessments are based on the results of field studies conducted in citrus groves, a Christmas tree farm, cauliflower and tomato fields, and greenhouses that utilized both passive dosimetry and biomonitoring techniques to determine exposure. The biomonitoring results likely provide the best estimate of absorbed dose of chlorpyrifos, and these have been compared to the acute and chronic no observed effect levels (NOELs) for chlorpyrifos. Standard margin-of-exposure (MOE) calculations using the geometric mean of the data are performed however, probability (Student s f-test) and distributional (Monte Carlo simulation) analyses are deemed to provide more realistic evaluations of exposure and risk to the exposed population. 

The results from the several studies that have been conducted to measure exposures associated with the use of chlorpyrifos are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 summarizes results from mixer-loader and applicator studies reported by Honeycutt et al.1 Listed for each work description are the number of replicates, the arithmetic mean, and the geometric mean for the replicates from both the passive dosimetry measurements and the biomonitoring tech-... 

---