Soybean peroxidase

Phenol, the simplest and industrially more important phenolic compound, is a multifunctional monomer when considered as a substrate for oxidative polymerizations, and hence conventional polymerization catalysts afford insoluble macromolecular products with non-controlled structure. Phenol was subjected to oxidative polymerization using HRP or soybean peroxidase (SBP) as catalyst in an aqueous-dioxane mixture, yielding a polymer consisting of phenylene and oxyphenylene units (Scheme 19). The polymer showed low solubility it was partly soluble in DMF and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and insoluble in other common organic solvents. 

B. Wang, B. Li, Z. Wang, G. Xu, Q. Wang, and S. Dong, Sol-gel thin-film immobilized soybean peroxidase biosensor for the amperometric determination of hydrogen peroxide in acid medium. Anal. Chem. 71, 1935-1939 (1999). 

The curved surface of fullerene has been found to stabilize enzymes in denaturating environments. Soybean peroxidase has been chosen as prototype and its half-life, when adsorbed on C60, is 13-fold higher than the native enzyme (Asuri et al., 2007). These findings are really important for the applications of fullerene, not only in biomedical fields. 

The LbL methods have been also used to prepare spatially ordered bienzymatic electrodes, two examples are shown in Figure 2.25. In the first one, glucose is aerobically oxidized by GOx in the outer layers to produce hydrogen peroxide that is thereafter reduced by soybean peroxidase (SBP) wired to the electrode with PAH-Os [182]. This system responds both to H2O2 and to glucose, but in the... 

Figure 2.24 Diagrams of bienzymatic spatially ordered electrodes built using the LbL method. SBP Soybean peroxidase, COx Glucose oxidase, GDH glucose dehydrogenase.

Cruz-Silva R, Romero-Garcia J, Angulo-Sanchez J, Ledezma-Perez J, Arias-Martfn E, Moggio I, Flores-Loyola E (2005) Template-free enzymatic synthesis of electrically conducting polyanihne using soybean peroxidase. Eur Polym J 41(5) 1129-1135... 

A simplified equilibrium extraction model (Fig. 6) was presented by Dordick and colleagues [188] to explain the resolution behavior of glycoproteins in affinity based reverse micellar extraction and separation (ARMES). Their system for the study includes soybean peroxidase (SBP, MW 37 KDa, pi 4.1) and aj-acid glycoprotein (AGP, MW 43 KDa, pi 3.7) as glycoprotein solutes, concanavalin A (ConA) as the affinity ligand in AOT/isooctane RMs. The separation factor (a) for the separation of SBP from AGP can be given by... 

The production of methyl anthranilate, which has a fruity odour, by enzymatic N-demethylation of methyl N-methyl anthranilate (Scheme 22.3.) has been reported by van Haandel et al. [77]. Self-prepared soybean peroxidase (haem-based enzyme) preparation and H2O2 were used. 

Figure B3.5.5 Near-UV CD spectra. (A) Bovine a -casein peptide under a variety of conditions (data from Alaimo et al., 1999). Peptide concentration 0.631 mg/ml in 2 mM PIPES, 4 mM KCI, pH 6.75 scan rate 40 sec/nm path length 10 mm bandwidth 1.5 nm. The loss of aromatic dichroism with increasing temperature indicates denaturation, which is, however, not complete at 70°C or in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. The shift in maximum wavelength indicates loss of tryptophan asymmetry, but less so of tyrosine. (B) Seed coat soybean peroxidase under native and denaturing conditions (data from Kamal and Behere, 2002). Protein concentration 15 pM and path length 10 mm. The negative aromatic band centered around 280 nm and the Soret band around 410 nm both disappear at 90°C, indicating the loss of net conformational asymmetry of the aromatic and heme chromophores.

Kamal, J.K. and Behere, D.V. 2002. Thermal and conformational stability of seed coat soybean peroxidase. Biochemistry 41 9034-9042. 

Kenausis G, Chen Q, Heller A. Electrochemical glucose and lactate sensors based on wired thermostable soybean peroxidase operating continuously and stably at 37°C. 

Although HRP is commercially available, it is not currently available in bulk quantities or at a cost that that is sufficiently low to make full-scale applications of enzymatic treatment feasible. It has been suggested that the use of a less expensive and more ubiquitous source of peroxidase could circumvent the problem of enzyme cost. For example, in 1991, the seed coat of the soybean was identified as a rich source of a single peroxidase isoenzyme [84]. Because the seed coat of the soybean is a waste product of the soybean industry, soybean shells could provide an inexpensive and abundant source of peroxidase. Thus, soybean peroxidase (SBP) has the potential of being a cost-effective alternative to HRP for wastewater treatment. 

Figure 4 pH dependence of the catalytic activities of soybean peroxidase (SBP) and HRP. Activities were measured using an assay consisting of 2.0 mM phenol, 2.4 mM 4-aminoantipyrine, and 0.2 mM hydrogen peroxide buffered to the desired pH. (Adapted from Refs. 9 and 90.)... 

Wright H, Nicell JA. Characterization of soybean peroxidase for the treatment of aqueous phenols. Bioresour Technol 1999 70 69-79. 

Kinsley C, Nicell JA. Treatment of aqueous phenol with soybean peroxidase in the presence of polyethylene glycol. Bioresour Technol 2000 73(2) 139-146. 

Flock C, Bassi A, Gijzen M. Removal of aqueous phenol and 2-chlorophenol with purified soybean peroxidase and raw soybean hulls. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 1999 74(4) 303-309. 

Ku et al. [434] demonstrated that microreactors can also be used for tandem reactions. A microreactor containing beads functionalized with polyketide synthase [1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene synthase (THNS)] was coupled to one that contained soybean peroxidase (SBP). THNS was immobilized using the Ni-NTA method... 

Scheme 4.111 Trienzymatic tandem reaction with invertase, glucose oxidase and soybean peroxidase [435].

Fig. 4.1 Relation between redox potential of Fe(III)/Fe(II) and Compound II/Fe(III) couples of heme peroxidases. Values were taken from Tables 4.3 and 4.4 for the following proteins soybean peroxidase, horseradish peroxidase, cytochrome c peroxidase, C. cinereus peroxidase, lactoper-oxidase, manganese peroxidase...

It has been also reported that, with soybean peroxidase, nitration can occur with concomitant C-C cleavage if the para position to the hydroxyl group is occupied... 

Kim YH, Suk An E, Keun Song B et al (2003) Polymerization of cardanol using soybean peroxidase and its potential application as anti-biofilm coating material. Biotechnol Lett 25 1521-1524... 

Caza N, Bewtra JK, Biswas N et al (1999) Removal of phenolic compounds from synthetic wastewater using soybean peroxidase. Water Res 33 3012-3018... 

Immobilized soybean peroxidase stability after ten washes and even after storage of the sample suspensions in a refrigerator (4°C) for 5 months The protein-coated microcrystals [20]... 

Bodalo A, Gomez JL, Gomez E et al (2006) Removal of 4-chlorophenol by soybean peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide in a discontinuous tank reactor. Desalination 195 51-59... 

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