Molecular biomarkers

Kreps SE, BanzetN, Christiani DC, Polla BS. 1997. Molecular biomarkers of early responses to environmental stressors — implications for risk assessment and pubhc health. Rev Environ Health 12 261-280. 

Evershed, R. P. and P. H. Bethell (1996), Application of Multi-molecular Biomarker Techniques to the Identification of Faecal Material in Archaeological Soils and Sediments, ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 625, pp. 157-172. 

Intact bacteria were first introduced into a mass spectrometer for analysis of molecular biomarkers without processing and fractionation around 1975.6 The ionization techniques available at the time limited analysis to secondary metabolites that could be volatilized, such as quinines and diglycerides, and vigorous pyrolysis of bacteria was explored as an alternative.7 Although biomarkers were destroyed in pyrolysis strategies, computer-supported cluster analysis was developed to characterize pure samples. 

Table 7.2 Some examples of lipid chemical features and molecular biomarkers that have been used to highlight lipid sources in archaeological organic residues...

McClain JS, Oris JT, Burton GA Jr, Lattier D (2003) Laboratory and field validation of multiple molecular biomarkers of contaminant exposure in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ Toxicol Chem 22 361-370... 

DiPaolo, A., and Chu, E. (2004) The role of thymidylate synthase as a molecular biomarker. Clinical Cancer Research. 10, 411-412. 

Scholz S, Mayer I (2008) Molecular biomarkers of endocrine dismption in small model fish. Mol Cell Endocrinol 293 57-70... 

Nijenhuis I, Nikolausz M, Koth A, Felfoldi T, Weiss H, Drangmeister J, GroBmann J, Kastner M, Richnow H-H (2007) Assessment of the Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Ethenes in an Anaerobic Contaminated Aquifer in the Bitterfeld/Wolfen Area Using Stable Isotope Techniques, Microcosm Studies and Molecular Biomarkers. Chemosphere 67 300... 

Wiencke, J.K. University of California Berkeley, CA Molecular biomarkers of occupational benzene exposure NIEHS... 

Zhu JQ, Zhang LS, Hu X, Xiao Y, Chen JS, Xu YC, Fremy J, Chu FS Correlation of dietary aflatoxin B[ levels with excretion of aflatoxin M, in human urine. Cancer Res 1987 47 1848-1852. Groopman JD, Wogan GN, Roebuck BD, Kensler TW Molecular biomarkers for aflatoxins and their application to human cancer prevention. Cancer Res 1994 54 19078-191 IS. 

Arroyo, C.M., Burman, D.L., Kahler, D.W., Nelson, M.R., Corun, C.M., Guzman, J.J., Smith, M.A., Purcell, E.D., Hackley, B.E., Soni, S.D., Broomfield, C.A. (2004). TNF-alpha expression patterns as potential molecular biomarker for human skin cells exposed to vesicant chemical warfare agents sulfur mustard (HD) and Lewisite (L). Cell Biol. Toxicol. 20 345-59. 

D. A. Lewin and M. P. Weiner, Molecular biomarkers in drug development. Drug... 

Marine DOC has stable carbon isotope values between —21%o and —22%o (Dmtfel et al., 1992) consistent with a largely marine source. While these data seem to exclude a significant contribution from C3 terrestrial plants, there is increasing evidence for an important contribution from C4 plants to persistent POM in marine sediments on the continental shelf and slope (see below). Desorption of C4 plant carbon and incorporation into oceanic DOC would be difficult to detect by isotopic or molecular biomarker analyses. 

Figure 21 Comparison of vertical distribution of biomarker and microbial abundances in oceanic water columns, (a) Contour plots of concentration (ngL ) of hexadecanoic acid, (b) Crenarcheol at various depths in the water column and distances from shore on a northwest-to-southeast transect off Oman in the Arabian Sea (after Sinninghe Damste et al, 2002). Hexadecanoic acid serves as a biomarker proxy for eukaryotic and bacterial biomass and clearly shows the expected surface maximum, with concentrations dropping off steeply with increasing water depth. In contrast, crenarcheol, a molecular biomarker for planktonic crenarcheota, shows two maxima with one near 50 m and the other —500 m. (c) Vertical distributions of microbial concentrations in the North Pacific subtropical gyre bacteria (solid squares) and planktonic crenarcheota (open squares). Effectively, there are two microbial domains which were determined using a DAPI nucleic acid stain (after Karner et al., 2001). These data show the increasing proportion of planktonic archea in deep waters, with the result that at depths greater than 2,000 m, the crenarcheota are as abundant...

Cache 1., Grimalt J. O., and Canals M. (2002) Response of the western Mediterranean Sea to rapid climatic variability during the last 50,000 years a molecular biomarker approach. J. Mar. Sys. 33-34(C), 253-272. 

Abdul-KassimT. A. T. and Simoneit B. R. T. (1995) Petroleum hydrocarbon fingerprinting and sediment transport assessed by molecular biomarker and multivariate statistical analysis in the eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 30, 63-73. 

Rossi F, Bellini G, Tolone C et al (2012) The cannabinoid receptor type 2 Q63R variant increases the risk of celiac disease implication for a novel molecular biomarker and future therapeutic intervention. Pharmacol Res 66 88-94... 

Monetti, C., D. Vigetti, M. Prati, E. Sabbioni, G. Bemardini and R. Gornati. Gene expression in Xenopus embryos after methylmercury exposure a search for molecular biomarkers. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21 2731-2736, 2002. 

Given the existing need to improve on the prognostic and predictive power of the previously established parameters, an extensive list of molecular biomarkers has been evaluated in the past decade for their potential role in enhancing our ability to predict disease progression, response to therapy, and survival. 

Bastian PJ, Y nasubramanian S, Palapattu GS, et al. Molecular biomarker in prostate cancer the role of GpG island hypermethylation. Eur Urol. 2004 46 698. 

---